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CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC.

ANNUAL FINANCIAL REPORT

FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024

April 30, 2025

Responsibility Statement

The below named authorized officers of Citigroup Global Markets Holdings Inc., a New York

corporation (the “Company”), confirm that to the best of their knowledge: (i) the accompanying

financial statements (a) were prepared in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting

Principles in the United States of America and (b) give a true and fair view of the assets, liabilities,

financial position and profit or loss of the Company and the undertakings included in the

consolidation taken as a whole; and (ii) the accompanying Management Report includes (a) a fair

review of the development and performance of the business and position of the Company and the

undertakings included in the consolidation taken as a whole and (b) a description of the principal

risks and uncertainties that the Company faces.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC.

By: /s/ Andrei Magasiner By: /s/ Brian Flanagan

Andrei Magasiner Brian Flanagan

Chairman and Chief Financial Officer

Chief Executive Officer

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC.

MANAGEMENT REPORT

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC.

Citigroup Global Markets Holdings Inc. (CGMHI), operating through its subsidiaries, engages in full-service investment

banking and securities brokerage business. Throughout these disclosures, “CGMHI” refers to Citigroup Global Markets

Holdings Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

CGMHI's parent, Citigroup Inc. (Citigroup, or Citi), is a global diversified financial services holding company

whose businesses provide consumers, corporations, governments and institutions with a broad, yet focused, range of

financial products and services, including consumer banking and credit, corporate and investment banking, securities

brokerage, trade and securities services and wealth management. Citi does business in nearly 160 countries and

jurisdictions.

The principal offices of CGMHI are located at 388 Greenwich Street, New York, NY, 10013. CGMHI was

incorporated in New York on 23 February 1977 and is the successor to Salomon Smith Barney Holdings Inc. On 7 April

2003, CGMHI filed a Restated Certificate of Incorporation, changing its name from Salomon Smith Barney Holdings Inc.

to Citigroup Global Markets Holdings Inc.

PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES

CGMHI provides corporate, institutional, and public sector clients with a full range of brokerage products and

services, including fixed income and equity sales and trading, foreign exchange, prime brokerage, derivative services,

equity and fixed income research, investment banking and advisory services.

CGMHI’s investment banking and advisory services supports client capital-raising needs to help strengthen and grow

their businesses, including equity and debt capital markets-related strategic financing solutions, as well as advisory

services related to mergers and acquisitions, divestitures, restructurings and corporate defense activities.

CGMHI provides financial services to a range of client segments including affluent, high net worth and ultra-high

net worth clients. CGMHI offers a broad range of brokerage and investment advisory products and other services to retail

clients.

RISK FACTORS

(Extracted from Citigroup’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the

U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on the 21st day of February, 2025.)

The following discussion presents what management currently believes could be the material risks and uncertainties that

could impact Citi’s businesses, results of operations and financial condition. Other risks and uncertainties, including those

not currently known to Citi or its management, could also negatively impact Citi’s businesses, results of operations and

financial condition. Thus, the following should not be considered a complete discussion of all of the risks and uncertainties

that Citi may face. The following risk factors are categorized to improve the readability and usefulness of the risk factor

disclosure, and, while the headings and risk factors generally align with Citi’s risk categorization, in certain instances the

risk factors may not directly correspond with how Citi categorizes or manages its risks.

MARKET-RELATED RISKS

Macroeconomic, Geopolitical and Other Challenges and Uncertainties Could Continue to Have a Negative Impact on

Citi.

Citi has experienced, and could experience in the future, negative impacts to its businesses, results of operations and

financial condition as a result of various macroeconomic, geopolitical and other challenges, uncertainties and volatility.

These include, among other things, any resurgence in inflation; government fiscal and monetary actions or expected

actions, including changes in interest rate policy, reductions in central bank balance sheets or other monetary policies;

and increases in unemployment rates, recessions or weak or slowing economic growth in the U.S., Europe and other

regions or countries. These impacts could adversely affect Citi’s consumer and institutional clients, businesses, cost of

credit and overall results of operations.

For example, inflation could resurge if the FRB were to reduce interest rates prematurely and/or at too accelerated a

pace, or if certain policies were further pursued in the U.S., including those related to trade, tariffs and immigration.

Interest rates on loans Citi makes are typically based off or set at a spread over a benchmark interest rate and would

likely decline or rise as benchmark rates decline or rise, respectively. A decline in interest rates would generally be

expected to result in lower overall net interest income for Citi, although Corporate Treasury has various tools to manage

Citi’s total interest rate risk position. In addition, Citi’s net interest income could be adversely affected due to a flattening

(a lower spread between shorter-term versus longer-term interest rates) or inversion (shorter-term interest rates exceeding

longer-term interest rates) of the interest rate yield curve, as Citi typically pays interest on deposits based on shorter-term

interest rates and earns money on loans based on longer-term interest rates.

Additional areas of uncertainty include, among others, geopolitical challenges, tensions and conflicts, including those

related to the Russia–Ukraine war (see below) and conflicts in the Middle East; potential policies and priorities resulting

from the new U.S. administration; economic and geopolitical challenges related to China, including weak economic

growth, related policy actions, challenges in the Chinese real estate sector, banking and credit markets, trade restrictions,

and tensions or conflicts between China and Taiwan and/or China and the U.S.; high and rising government debt levels

in the U.S. and other countries; significant volatility and disruptions in financial markets, including foreign currency

volatility and devaluations; natural disasters; and pandemics.

For example, the Russia–Ukraine war could have further negative impacts on regional and global energy and other

commodities and financial markets and macroeconomic conditions, adversely impacting jurisdictions where Citi operates

and its customers, clients or employees. In addition, Citi’s remaining operations in Russia subject Citi to various other

risks, including foreign currency volatility, such as appreciations or devaluations; restrictions arising from retaliatory

Russian laws and regulations on the conduct of Citi’s remaining businesses, including, without limitation, its provision

of certain securities services to customers; sanctions or asset freezes; and other deconsolidation events. For additional

information about these Russia-related risks, see the operational processes and systems, cybersecurity and emerging

markets risk factors.

STRATEGIC RISKS

Citi’s Ability to Return Capital to Common Shareholders Substantially Depends on Regulatory Capital Requirements,

Including the Results of the CCAR Process and Dodd-Frank Act Regulatory Stress Tests, and Other Factors.

Citi’s ability to return capital to its common shareholders consistent with its capital planning efforts and targets, whether

through its common stock dividend or through share repurchases, substantially depends, among other things, on its

regulatory capital requirements, including the annual recalibration of the Stress Capital Buffer (SCB), which is based

upon the results of the CCAR process required by the FRB, and recalibration of the GSIB surcharge, as well as the

supervisory expectations and assessments regarding individual institutions.

The FRB’s annual stress testing requirements are integrated into ongoing regulatory capital requirements. Citi’s SCB

equals the maximum projected decline in its CET1 Capital ratio under the supervisory severely adverse scenario over a

nine-quarter CCAR measurement period, plus four quarters of planned common stock dividends as a percentage of Citi’s

risk-weighted assets, subject to a minimum requirement of 2.5%. The SCB is calculated by the FRB using its proprietary

data and modeling of each firm’s results. Accordingly, Citi’s SCB may go up, based on the supervisory stress test results,

thus potentially resulting in an increase in Citi’s required regulatory CET1 Capital ratio under the Standardized Approach.

In addition, a breach of the SCB and other regulatory capital buffers may result in gradual limitations on capital

distributions and discretionary bonus payments to executive officers.

Moreover, changes in regulatory capital rules, requirements or interpretations could materially increase Citi’s

required regulatory capital. For example, the U.S. banking regulators proposed a number of changes to the U.S. regulatory

capital framework, including, but not limited to, significant revisions to the U.S. Basel III rules. These potential changes,

if adopted as originally proposed, would likely impact Citi’s regulatory capital position and materially increase Citi’s

regulatory capital requirements, and thus adversely impact the extent to which Citi is able to return capital to shareholders.

Citi’s ability to return capital also depends on its results of operations and financial condition, including the capital

impact related to its remaining divestitures, such as, among other things, any temporary capital impact from CTA losses,

net of hedges (see the incorrect assumptions or estimates and the emerging markets risk factors below); Citi’s effectiveness

in planning, managing and calculating its level of regulatory capital and risk-weighted assets under both the Advanced

Approaches and the Standardized Approach, as well as the Supplementary Leverage ratio (SLR); its implementation and

maintenance of an effective capital planning process and management framework; forecasts of macroeconomic

conditions; and deferred tax asset (DTA) utilization (see the ability to utilize DTA risk factor below).

All firms subject to CCAR requirements, including Citi, will continue to be subject to a rigorous regulatory evaluation

of capital planning practices and other reviews and examinations, including, but not limited to data quality, which is a key

regulatory focus, governance, risk management and internal controls. For example, the FRB has stated that it expects

capital adequacy practices to continue to evolve and to likely be determined by its yearly cross-firm review of capital plan

submissions. Similarly, the FRB has indicated that, as part of its stated goal to continually evolve its annual stress testing

requirements, several parameters of the annual stress testing process may continue to be altered, including the number

and severity of the stress test scenarios, the FRB modeling of Citi’s balance sheet, pre-provision net revenue and stress

losses, and the addition of components deemed important by the FRB. Additionally, Citi’s ability to return capital may

be adversely impacted if a regulatory evaluation or examination were to result in negative findings regarding absolute

capital levels or other aspects of Citi’s or any of its subsidiaries’ operations, including as a result of the imposition of

additional capital buffers, limitations on capital distributions or otherwise. For information on limitations on Citi’s ability

to return capital to common shareholders, as well as the CCAR process, supervisory stress test requirements and GSIB

surcharge, see the risk management and legal and regulatory proceedings risk factors below.

In October 2024, the FRB announced that it will maintain its current framework for calculating allowances on loans

in the supervisory stress test through the 2025 stress test cycle, while continuing to evaluate appropriate future

enhancements to this framework. The impacts on Citi’s capital adequacy of any potential incorporation by the FRB of

CECL into its supervisory stress tests in future stress test cycles, and of other potential regulatory changes in the FRB’s

stress testing methodologies, remain unclear.

Although various uncertainties exist regarding the extent of, and the ultimate impact to Citi from, changes to

regulatory capital, results from the FRB’s stress testing and CCAR regimes, and regulatory evaluation or examination

findings, these changes could increase the level of capital Citi is required or elects to hold, including as part of Citi’s

management buffer, thus potentially adversely impacting the extent to which Citi is able to return capital to shareholders.

Citi Must Continually Review, Analyze and Successfully Adapt to Ongoing Regulatory and Legislative Uncertainties

and Changes in the U.S. and Globally.

Citi, its management and its businesses continue to face regulatory and legislative uncertainties and changes, both in the

U.S. and globally. While the ongoing regulatory and legislative uncertainties and changes facing Citi are too numerous

to list completely, examples include, but are not limited to (i) potential changes to various aspects of the U.S. regulatory

capital framework and requirements applicable to Citi, including, among others, significant revisions to the U.S. Basel III

rules (see the capital return risk factor) and (ii) potential fiscal, monetary, tax, sanctions, human capital and other changes

promulgated by the U.S. federal government and other governments (see the macroeconomic and geopolitical risk factor

above and the ability to utilize DTAs risk factor below). References to “regulatory” refer to both formal regulation and

the views and expectations of Citi’s regulators in their supervisory and enforcement roles, which, as they change over

time, can have a major impact. In particular, U.S. regulators have indicated that the level of their expectations is increasing

and prompt negative examination findings/ratings and enforcements actions are more likely.

Additionally, U.S. and international regulatory and legislative initiatives have not always been undertaken or

implemented on a coordinated basis, and areas of divergence have developed and continue to develop with respect to their

scope, interpretation, timing, structure or approach, leading to inconsistent or even conflicting requirements, including

within a single jurisdiction.

Further, ongoing regulatory and legislative uncertainties and changes make Citi’s long-term business, balance sheet

and strategic budget planning difficult, subject to change and potentially more costly and may impact its results of

operations. U.S. and other regulators globally have implemented and continue to discuss various changes to certain

regulatory requirements, which would require ongoing assessment by management as to the impact to Citi, its businesses

and business planning. Business planning must necessarily be based on possible or proposed rules or outcomes, which

can change significantly upon finalization, or upon implementation or interpretive guidance from numerous regulatory

bodies worldwide, and such guidance can change. Regulatory and legislative changes have also significantly increased

Citi’s compliance risks and costs (see the implementation and interpretation of regulatory changes risk factor below) and

can adversely affect Citi’s competitive position, as well as its businesses, revenues, results of operations and financial

condition.

Citi’s Ability to Achieve Its Objectives from Its Transformation, Simplification and Other Priorities May Not Be as

Successful as It Projects or Expects.

As part of its multiyear transformation, Citi continues to make significant investments and undertake substantial actions

across the Company to improve its risk and controls environment, modernize its data and technology infrastructure and

further enhance safety and soundness (see the legal and regulatory proceedings risk factor below).

Citi has also been pursuing overall simplification initiatives that have included management and operating model

changes and actions to enhance focus on clients and reduce expenses. Citi’s simplification actions also include completing

its remaining divestitures, including the planned IPO of Mexico Consumer/SBMM. These simplification initiatives

involve various execution challenges, may take longer than expected and may result in higher than expected expenses,

CTA and other losses or other negative financial or strategic impacts, which could be material, and litigation and

regulatory scrutiny (for information about potential CTA impacts, see the capital return risk factor above and the incorrect

assumptions or estimates and emerging markets risk factors below).

Additionally, Citi continues to make business-led investments, as part of the execution of its strategic priorities. For

example, Citi has been making investments across the Company, including hiring front office employees in key strategic

markets and businesses; enhancing product capabilities and platforms to grow key businesses, improve client digital

experiences and add scalability; and implementing new capabilities and partnerships. These business-led investments are

designed to reduce expenses and grow revenues as well as result in retention and efficiency improvements.

Citi’s transformation, as well as its simplification and business investment initiatives, involve significant complexities

and uncertainties. In addition, there is inherent risk that these initiatives will not be as productive or effective as Citi

expects, or at all. Conversely, failure to adequately invest in and upgrade Citi’s technology and processes or properly

implement its enterprise-wide simplification could result in Citi’s inability to meet regulatory expectations, be sufficiently

competitive, serve clients effectively and avoid disruptions to its businesses and operational errors (see the operational

processes and systems and legal and regulatory proceedings risk factors below).

Citi’s ability to achieve its expected returns, including expense savings and revenue growth objectives, and

operational improvements from these priorities depends, in part, on factors that it cannot control, including, among others,

macroeconomic challenges and uncertainties; customer, client and competitor actions; and ongoing regulatory

requirements or changes.

Moreover, Citi’s transformation, simplification and other priorities may continue to evolve as its business strategies,

the market environment and regulatory expectations change, which could make the initiatives more costly and more

challenging to implement, and limit their effectiveness.

Climate Change Presents Various Financial and Non-Financial Risks to Citi and Its Customers and Clients.

Climate change presents both immediate and long-term risks to Citi and its customers and clients, with the risks expected

to increase over time. Climate risks can arise from both physical risks (those risks related to the physical effects of climate

change) and transition risks (risks related to regulatory, market, technological, stakeholder and legal changes from a

transition to a low-carbon economy). Physical and transition risks can manifest themselves differently across Citi’s risk

categories in the short, medium and long terms.

Physical risks from climate change include acute risks, such as wildfires, hurricanes, floods and droughts, as well as

consequences of chronic changes in climate, such as rising sea levels, prolonged droughts and systemic changes to

geographies and any resulting population migration. For example, physical risks could have adverse financial, operational

and other impacts on Citi, both directly on its business and operations, and indirectly as a result of impacts to Citi’s clients,

customers, vendors and other counterparties. These impacts can include destruction, damage or impairment of owned or

leased properties and other assets, destruction or deterioration of the value of collateral, such as real estate, disruptions to

business operations and supply chains, and reduced availability or increase in the cost of insurance. Physical risks can

also impact Citi’s credit risk exposures, for example, in its mortgage and commercial real estate lending businesses.

Transition risks may arise from changes in regulations or market preferences toward low-carbon industries or sectors,

which in turn could have negative impacts on asset values, results of operations or the reputations of Citi and its customers

and clients. For example, Citi’s corporate credit exposures include oil and gas, power and other industries that may

experience reduced demand for carbon-intensive products due to the transition to a low-carbon economy. Failure to

adequately consider transition risk in developing and executing on its business strategy could lead to a loss of market

share, lower revenues and higher credit costs. Transition risks also include potential increased operational, compliance

and energy costs driven by government policies to promote decarbonization.

Moreover, increasing legislative and regulatory changes and uncertainties regarding climate-related risk management

and disclosures may result in increased regulatory, compliance, credit, reputational and other risks and costs for Citi. In

addition, Citi could face increased regulatory scrutiny and reputation and litigation risks as a result of its climate risk,

sustainability and other environmental and social commitments, disclosures, marketing and positioning. For example, any

actual or perceived overstatement of the environmental benefits of Citi’s actions may result in legal or regulatory actions

and/or reputational harm.

Even as some regulators seek to mandate additional disclosure of climate-related information, Citi’s ability to comply

with such requirements and conduct more robust climate-related risk analyses may be hampered by lack of information

and reliable data. Data on climate-related risks is limited in availability, often based on estimated or unverified figures,

collected and reported on a time-lag, and variable in quality. Modeling capabilities to analyze climate-related risks and

interconnections continue to evolve.

Additionally, if Citi is unable to achieve its objectives or commitments relating to climate change, its businesses,

reputation, attractiveness to certain investors and efforts to recruit and retain employees may suffer. For example, Citi’s

approach to supporting client decarbonization in a gradual and orderly way, while promoting energy security, may lead

to both continued exposure to carbon-intensive activity and increased reputation risks from stakeholders with divergent

points of view. Citi may also face challenges and scrutiny from stakeholders with varied views on climate change that

may impact its ability to conduct certain business.

Citi’s Ability to Utilize Its DTAs, and Thus Reduce the Negative Impact of the DTAs on Citi’s Regulatory Capital, Will

Be Driven by Its Ability to Generate U.S. Taxable Income.

At December 31, 2024, Citi’s net DTAs were $29.8 billion, net of a valuation allowance of $4.3 billion, of which $12.8

billion was deducted from Citi’s CET1 Capital under the U.S. Basel III rules. Of this deducted amount, $11.6 billion

related to net operating losses, foreign tax credit and general business credit carry-forwards, with $3.0 billion related to

temporary differences in excess of the 10%/15% regulatory limitations, reduced by $1.8 billion of deferred tax liabilities,

primarily associated with goodwill and certain other intangible assets that were separately deducted from capital.

Citi’s overall ability to realize its DTAs will primarily be dependent upon Citi’s ability to generate U.S. taxable

income in the relevant reversal periods. Failure to realize any portion of the net DTAs would have a corresponding

negative impact on Citi’s net income and financial returns.

The accounting treatment for realization of DTAs is complex and requires significant judgment and estimates

regarding future taxable earnings in the jurisdictions in which the DTAs arise and available tax planning strategies.

Forecasts of future taxable earnings will depend upon various factors, including, among others, macroeconomic

conditions. In addition, any future increase in U.S. corporate tax rates could result in an increase in Citi’s DTAs, which

may subject more of Citi’s DTAs to exclusion from regulatory capital.

Citi has not been and does not expect to be subject to the base erosion anti-abuse tax (BEAT), which, if applicable to

Citi in any given year, would have a significantly adverse effect on both Citi’s net income and regulatory capital.

The new U.S. administration has discussed potential reductions to the U.S. federal corporate tax rate and changes to

the U.S. approach to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Pillar 2 framework. It is

unclear whether any corporate tax rate reduction would apply to services companies like Citi. If the U.S. federal corporate

tax rate applicable to Citi is reduced, Citi may benefit on a prospective net income basis, but the reduction could result in

a material decrease in the value of Citi’s DTAs, which would also result in a material reduction to Citi’s net income during

the period in which the change is enacted. Citi’s regulatory capital could also be reduced if the decrease in the value of

Citi’s DTAs exceeds certain levels.

Citi’s Interpretation or Application of the Complex Tax Laws to Which It Is Subject Could Differ from Those of

Governmental Authorities, Which Could Result in Litigation or Examinations and the Payment of Additional Taxes,

Penalties or Interest.

Citi is subject to various income-based tax laws of the U.S. and its states and municipalities, as well as the numerous non-

U.S. jurisdictions in which it operates. These tax laws are inherently complex, and Citi must make judgments and

interpretations about the application of these laws to its entities, operations and businesses.

For example, the OECD Pillar 2 framework contemplates a 15% global minimum tax with respect to earnings in each

country. The majority of EU member states have adopted the OECD Pillar 2 rules, and other non-U.S. countries have

similarly adopted or are expected to adopt the rules. Under these rules, Citi will be required to pay a “top-up” tax to the

extent that Citi’s effective tax rate in any given country is below 15%. Beginning in 2024, countries that adopted the

OECD Pillar 2 rules can collect the top-up tax only with respect to earnings of entities in their jurisdiction or subsidiaries

of such entities. Beginning in 2025, all countries that have adopted the OECD Pillar 2 rules can collect a share of the top-

up tax owed with respect to any member of the Pillar 2 multinational group. While Citi does not currently expect the rules

to have a material impact on its earnings, many aspects of the application of the rules and their implementation remain

uncertain. Separately, the new U.S. administration has stated its opposition to the application of the global minimum tax

to U.S. companies’ U.S. operations, and has indicated it may take retaliatory measures against other countries that seek

to collect the minimum tax with respect to the U.S. operations of U.S. companies. Citi is closely monitoring developments

relating to the Pillar 2 negotiations to determine their potential impact.

Additionally, Citi is subject to litigation or examinations with U.S. and non-U.S. tax authorities regarding non-

income-based tax matters. While Citi has appropriately reserved for such matters where there is a probable loss, and has

disclosed reasonably possible losses, the outcome of the matters may be different than Citi’s expectations. Citi’s

interpretations or application of the tax laws, including with respect to withholding, stamp, service and other non-income

taxes, could differ from that of the relevant governmental taxing authority, which could result in the requirement to pay

additional taxes, penalties or interest, the reduction of certain tax benefits or the requirement to make adjustments to

amounts recorded, which could be material.

A Deterioration in or Failure to Maintain Citi’s Co-Branding or Private Label Credit Card Relationships Could Have

a Negative Impact on Citi.

Citi has co-branding and private label relationships with various retailers and merchants through its Branded Cards and

Retail Services credit card businesses in USPB, whereby in the ordinary course of business Citi issues credit cards to

consumers, including customers of the retailers or merchants. The five largest relationships across both businesses in

USPB constituted an aggregate of approximately 12% of Citi’s revenues in 2024. Citi’s co-branding and private label

agreements often provide for shared economics between the parties and generally have a fixed term.

Competition among credit card issuers, including Citi, for these relationships is significant, and Citi may not be able

to maintain such relationships on existing terms or at all. Citi’s co-branding and private label relationships could also be

negatively impacted by, among other things, the general economic environment, including the impacts stemming from

potential increases in unemployment, inflation or interest rates or lower economic growth rates, as well as a risk of

recession; changes in consumer sentiment, spending patterns and credit card usage behaviors; a decline in sales and

revenues, partner store closures, any reduction in air and business travel, or other operational difficulties of the retailer or

merchant; changes in partner business strategies, including changes in products and services offered; termination or non-

renewal of partner agreements, including early termination due to a contractual breach or exercise of other early

termination right; or other factors, including bankruptcies, liquidations, restructurings, consolidations or other similar

events, whether due to a challenging macroeconomic environment or otherwise.

These events, particularly early termination and bankruptcies or liquidations, could negatively impact the results of

operations or financial condition of Branded Cards, Retail Services or Citi as a whole, including as a result of loss of

revenues, increased expenses, higher cost of credit, impairment of purchased credit card relationships and contract-related

intangibles or other losses.

The Application of U.S. Resolution Plan Requirements May Pose a Greater Risk of Loss to Citi’s Debt and Equity

Securities Holders, and Citi’s Inability in Its Resolution Plan Submissions to Address Any Shortcomings or

Deficiencies or Guidance Could Subject Citi to More Stringent Capital, Leverage or Liquidity Requirements, or

Restrictions on Its Growth, Activities or Operations, and Could Eventually Require Citi to Divest Assets or Operations.

Title I of the Dodd-Frank Act requires Citi to prepare and submit a plan to the FRB and the FDIC for the orderly resolution

of Citigroup (the bank holding company) and its significant legal entities under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code in the event of

future material financial distress or failure.

Under Citi’s preferred “single point of entry” resolution plan strategy, only Citigroup, the parent holding company,

would enter into bankruptcy, while Citigroup’s material legal entities (as defined in the public section of its 2023

resolution plan, which can be found on the FRB’s and FDIC’s websites) would remain operational outside of any

resolution or insolvency proceedings. As a result, Citigroup’s losses and any losses incurred by its material legal entity

subsidiaries would be imposed first on holders of Citigroup’s equity securities and thereafter on its unsecured creditors,

including holders of eligible long-term debt and other debt securities.

In addition, a wholly owned, direct subsidiary of Citigroup serves as a resolution funding vehicle (the intermediate

holding company, or IHC) to which Citigroup has transferred, and has agreed to transfer on an ongoing basis, certain

assets. The obligations of Citigroup and of the IHC, respectively, under the amended and restated secured support

agreement, are secured on a senior basis by the assets of Citigroup (other than shares in subsidiaries of the parent company

and certain other assets), and the assets of the IHC, as applicable. As a result, claims of the operating material legal entities

against the assets of Citigroup with respect to such secured assets are effectively senior to unsecured obligations of

Citigroup. Citi’s single point of entry resolution plan strategy and the obligations under the amended and restated secured

support agreement may result in the recapitalization of and/or provision of liquidity to Citi’s operating material legal

entities, and the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings by Citigroup at an earlier stage of financial stress than might

otherwise occur without such mechanisms in place.

In line with the FRB’s total loss-absorbing capacity (TLAC) rule, Citigroup’s shareholders and unsecured creditors

—including its unsecured long-term debt holders—would bear any losses resulting from Citigroup’s bankruptcy.

Accordingly, any value realized by holders of its unsecured long-term debt may not be sufficient to repay the amounts

owed to such debt holders in the event of a bankruptcy or other resolution proceeding of Citigroup.

On November 22, 2022, the FRB and FDIC issued feedback on the resolution plans filed on July 1, 2021 by the eight

U.S. GSIBs, including Citigroup. The FRB and FDIC jointly identified one shortcoming in Citigroup’s 2021 resolution

plan. The shortcoming related to data integrity and data quality management issues, specifically, weaknesses in Citi’s

processes and practices for producing certain data that could materially impact its resolution capabilities. On June 20,

2024, the FRB and FDIC issued feedback on the resolution plans filed on July 1, 2023 by the eight U.S. GSIBs, including

Citigroup. The FRB and FDIC jointly identified one shortcoming in Citigroup’s 2023 resolution plan regarding Citi’s

derivatives unwind capabilities. If a shortcoming is not satisfactorily explained or addressed before, or in, the submission

of the next resolution plan, the shortcoming may be found to be a deficiency in the next resolution plan (see discussion

below). Citi is required to submit a targeted resolution plan by July 1, 2025. More generally, data continues to be a subject

of regulatory focus, and Citi continues to work on enhancing its data availability and quality (see the legal and regulatory

proceedings risk factor below).

Under Title I, if the FRB and the FDIC jointly determine that Citi’s resolution plan is not “credible” (which, although

not defined, is generally understood to mean the regulators do not believe the plan is feasible or would otherwise allow

Citi to be resolved in a way that protects systemically important functions without severe systemic disruption), or would

not facilitate an orderly resolution of Citi under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, and Citi fails to resubmit a resolution plan

that remedies any identified deficiencies, Citi could be subjected to more stringent capital, leverage or liquidity

requirements, or restrictions on its growth, activities or operations. If within two years from the imposition of any such

requirements or restrictions Citi has still not remediated any identified deficiencies, then Citi could eventually be required

to divest certain assets or operations. Any such restrictions or actions would negatively impact Citi’s reputation, market

and investor perception, operations and strategy.

Citi’s Performance and Its Ability to Effectively Execute Its Transformation, Simplification and Other Priorities Could

Be Negatively Impacted if It Is Not Able to Hire and Retain Qualified Employees.

Citi’s performance and the performance of its individual businesses largely depend on the talents and efforts of its diverse

and highly qualified employees. Specifically, Citi’s continued ability to compete in each of its lines of business, to manage

its businesses effectively and to execute its transformation, simplification and other priorities, including, for example,

hiring employees to grow businesses or hiring employees to support Citi’s priorities, depends on its ability to hire new

employees and to retain and motivate its existing employees. If Citi is unable to continue to hire, retain and motivate

highly qualified employees, Citi’s performance, including its competitive position, the execution of its transformation,

simplification and other priorities and its results of operations could be negatively impacted.

Citi’s ability to attract, retain and motivate employees depends on numerous factors, some of which are outside of

Citi’s control. For example, the competition for talent continues to be particularly intense due to various factors, such as

changes in worker expectations, concerns and preferences, including demands for remote work options and other job

flexibility. Also, the banking industry generally is subject to more comprehensive regulation of employee compensation

than other industries, including deferral and clawback requirements for incentive compensation, which can make it

unusually challenging for Citi to compete in labor markets against businesses, including, for example, technology

companies, that are not subject to such regulation. In addition, Citi recently completed a significant organizational

simplification initiative, which included reducing management layers and significant reductions in functional roles that

could continue to impact its ability to attract and retain employees.

Other factors that could impact Citi’s ability to attract, retain and motivate employees include, among other things,

Citi’s presence in a particular market or region, the professional and development opportunities it offers, its reputation

and its diversity.

Citi Faces Increased Competitive Challenges, Including from Financial Services and Other Companies and Emerging

Technologies.

Citi operates in an increasingly evolving and competitive business environment, which includes both financial and non-

financial services firms, such as traditional banks, online banks, private credit and financial technology companies and

others. These companies compete on the basis of, among other factors, size, reach, quality and type of products and

services offered, price, technology and reputation. Certain competitors may be subject to different and, in some cases,

less stringent legal, regulatory and supervisory requirements, whether due to size, jurisdiction, entity type or other factors,

placing Citi at a competitive disadvantage. Moreover, new or rapidly developing technologies with the potential to have

significant economic or social effects (emerging technologies) also pose competitive challenges for Citi.

For example, Citi competes with other financial services companies in the U.S. and globally that have grown rapidly

over the last several years or have introduced new products and services. Potential mergers and acquisitions involving

traditional financial services companies, such as regional banks or credit card issuers, as well as networks and merchant

acquirers, may also increase competition and impact Citi’s ability to offer competitive pricing and rewards. Non-

traditional financial services firms, such as private credit, financial technology and digital asset companies, are less

regulated and supervised and continue to expand their offerings of services traditionally provided by financial institutions.

In addition, emerging technologies have the potential to intensify competition and accelerate disruption in the

financial services industry. Clients and investors have shown increased interest in these technologies, prompting financial

services firms and other market participants to develop related products and services. As blockchain and digital assets

continue to evolve, customer demand for enhanced offerings may increase. Failure to strategically embrace the potential

of emerging technologies may result in a competitive disadvantage to Citi. The new U.S. administration has stated its

support for the growth and use of digital assets and blockchain technology, including a more favorable regulatory

approach to crypto assets. Citi may not be able to provide the same or similar products and services for legal or regulatory

reasons, which may be exacerbated by rapidly evolving and conflicting regulatory requirements, as well as increased

compliance and other risks. Further, the introduction of mobile platforms and emerging technologies, such as artificial

intelligence (AI) and digital assets, and changes in the payments space (e.g., instant and 24/7 payments) are accelerating,

and, as a result, certain of Citi’s products and services could become less competitive.

Increased competition and emerging technologies have required and could require Citi to change or adapt its products

and services, as well as invest in and develop related infrastructure, to attract and retain customers or clients or to compete

more effectively with competitors, including new market entrants.

Simultaneously, as Citi develops new products and services leveraging emerging technologies, new risks may emerge

that, if not designed and governed adequately, may result in control gaps and in Citi operating outside of its risk appetite.

For example, the use or development of emerging technologies, such as AI or digital assets, without sufficient controls,

governance and risk management may result in increased risks across various risk categories (for additional information,

see the operational processes and systems risk factor below).

As another example, instant and 24/7 payments products could be accompanied by challenges to forecasting and

managing liquidity, as well as increased operational and compliance risks. Additionally, the growth of certain competitors

has increased market and counterparty credit risks, with such risks particularly heightened in the case of a challenging

macroeconomic environment (see the risk factor on credit and concentrations of risk below).

Moreover, Citi relies on third parties to support certain of its product and service offerings, which may put Citi at a

disadvantage to competitors who may directly offer a broader array of products and services. Also, Citi’s businesses,

results of operations and reputation may suffer if any third party is unable to provide adequate support for such product

and service offerings, whether due to operational incidents or otherwise (see the operational processes and systems,

cybersecurity and emerging markets risk factors below).

To the extent that Citi is not able to compete effectively with other financial services companies, including private

credit and financial technology companies, and non-financial services firms, or adequately assess the competitive

landscape, Citi could be placed at a competitive disadvantage, which could result in loss of customers and market share,

and its businesses, results of operations and financial condition could suffer. For additional information on Citi’s

competitors, see the co-brand and private label cards and qualified employees risk factors above.

OPERATIONAL RISKS

A Failure or Disruption of Citi’s Operational Processes or Systems Could Negatively Impact Its Reputation,

Customers, Clients, Businesses or Results of Operations and Financial Condition.

Citi’s global operations rely heavily on its technology systems and infrastructure, including the accurate, complete, timely

and secure processing, management, storage and transmission of data, including confidential transactions, and other

information, as well as the monitoring of a substantial amount of data and complex transactions in real time. Citi obtains

and stores an extensive amount of personal and client-specific information for its consumer and institutional customers

and clients, and must accurately record and reflect their account transactions.

Citi’s operations must also comply with complex and evolving laws, regulations and heightened regulatory

expectations in the jurisdictions in which it operates (see the implementation and interpretation of regulatory changes and

legal proceedings risk factors below). With the proliferation of emerging technologies, including AI, and the use of the

internet, mobile devices and cloud services to conduct financial transactions, and customers’ and clients’ increasing use

of online banking and trading systems and other platforms, large global financial institutions such as Citi have been, and

will continue to be, subject to an ever-increasing risk of operational loss, failure or disruption.

Citi has been working with AI and machine learning for a period of time and has more recently begun using

Generative AI, a type of artificial intelligence that uses generative models to create text and other content. Generative AI

tools are available to employees within parts of the Company, and in the future Citi may more broadly use, develop and

incorporate Generative AI within its technology platform and services, systems and its businesses and functions. While

Citi has policies which govern the use of emerging technologies, ineffective, inadequate or faulty Generative AI

development or deployment practices by Citi or third parties could result in unintended consequences, such as AI

algorithms that produce inaccurate or incomplete output or output based on biased, incomplete and/or inaccurate datasets,

or cause other issues, concerns or deficiencies. Moreover, the use of increasingly sophisticated AI technologies by

malicious actors and others has increased the risk of fraud, including identity theft and bypassing of verification controls,

and failure to effectively manage such risks could result in misappropriation of funds, unauthorized transactions, exposure

of sensitive client or Company information, reputational harm and increased litigation and regulatory risk. In addition,

compliance with new or changing laws, regulations or industry standards relating to AI may impose additional operational

risks and costs.

Although Citi has continued to upgrade its technology, including systems to automate processes and gain efficiencies,

operational incidents are unpredictable and can arise from numerous sources, not all of which are fully within Citi’s

control. These include, among others, operational or execution failures or deficiencies by third parties and third parties

that provide products or services to Citi (e.g., cloud service providers), including such third parties’ downstream service

providers, other market participants or those that otherwise have an ongoing partnership or business relationship with

Citi; deficiencies in processes or controls; inadequate management of data governance practices, data controls and

monitoring mechanisms that may adversely impact internal or external reporting and decision-making; cyber or

information security incidents (see the cybersecurity risk factor below); human error, such as manual transaction

processing errors (e.g., erroneous payments to lenders or manual errors by traders that cause system and market

disruptions or losses), which can be exacerbated by staffing challenges and processing backlogs; fraud or malice on the

part of employees or third parties; insufficient (or limited) straight-through processing between legacy or bespoke systems

and any failure to design and effectively operate controls that mitigate operational risks associated with those legacy or

bespoke systems, leading to potential risk of errors and operating losses; accidental system or technological failure;

electrical or telecommunication outages; failures of or cyber incidents involving computer servers or infrastructure,

including software updates and cloud services; or other similar losses or damage to Citi’s property or assets (see also the

climate change risk factor above). Additionally, Citi’s ability to effectively maintain and upgrade systems and

infrastructure can become more challenging as the speed, frequency, volume, interconnectivity and complexity of

transactions continue to increase.

For example, operational incidents can arise due to failures by third parties with which Citi does business, such as

failures by internet, mobile technology and cloud service providers or other vendors to adequately follow procedures or

processes, safeguard their systems or prevent system disruptions or cyberattacks. Failure by Citi to develop, implement

and operate a third-party risk management program commensurate with the level of risk, complexity and nature of its

third-party relationships can also result in operational incidents. In addition, Citi has experienced and could experience

further losses associated with manual transaction processing errors, including erroneous payments to lenders or manual

errors by Citi traders that cause system and market disruptions and losses for Citi and its clients. Irrespective of the

sophistication of the technology utilized by Citi, there will always be some room for human and other errors. In view of

the large transactions in which Citi engages, such errors have in the past resulted, and could result, in significant losses.

While Citi has change management processes in place to appropriately upgrade its operational processes and systems to

ensure that any changes introduced do not adversely impact security and operational continuity, such change management

can fail or be ineffective. Furthermore, when Citi introduces new products, systems or processes, new operational risks

that may arise from those changes may not be identified, or adequate controls to mitigate the identified risks may not be

appropriately implemented or operate as designed.

Incidents that impact information security, technology operations or other operational processes may cause

disruptions and/or malfunctions within Citi’s businesses (e.g., the temporary loss of availability of Citi’s online banking

system or mobile banking platform), as well as the operations of its clients, customers or other third parties. In addition,

operational incidents could involve the failure or ineffectiveness of internal processes or controls. Given Citi’s global

footprint and the high volume of transactions processed by Citi, certain failures, errors or actions may be repeated or

compounded before they are discovered and rectified, which would further increase the consequences and costs.

Operational incidents could result in financial losses and other costs as well as misappropriation, corruption or loss of

confidential and other information or assets, which could significantly negatively impact Citi’s reputation, customers,

clients, businesses or results of operations and financial condition. Cyber-related and other operational incidents can also

result in legal and regulatory actions or proceedings, fines and other costs (see the legal and regulatory proceedings risk

factor below).

Citi will need to continue to increase its operational resilience, ensuring important business services and their impact

tolerance time and severity scales are clearly defined. Failure to do so could expose Citi to service disruptions identified

through scenario testing, leading to harms to Citi clients, market integrity, financial stability or Citi safety and soundness.

Citi’s and Third Parties’ Computer Systems and Networks Will Continue to Be Susceptible to an Increasing Risk of

Continually Evolving, Sophisticated Cybersecurity Incidents That Could Result in the Theft, Loss, Non-Availability,

Misuse or Disclosure of Confidential Client or Customer Information, Damage to Citi’s Reputation, Additional Costs

to Citi, Regulatory Penalties, Legal Exposure and Financial Losses.

Citi’s computer systems, software and networks are subject to ongoing attempted cyberattacks, such as unauthorized

access, loss or destruction of data (including confidential client information), account takeovers, disruptions of service,

phishing, malware, ransomware, computer viruses or other malicious code and other similar events. These threats can

arise from external parties, including cyber criminals, cyber terrorists, hacktivists (individuals or groups using

cyberattacks to promote a political or social agenda) and nation-state actors, as well as insiders who knowingly or

unknowingly engage in or enable malicious cyber activities. For example, nation-state actors have recently targeted

critical U.S. infrastructure with cyberattacks.

Citi develops its own software and relies on third-party applications and software, which are susceptible to

vulnerability exploitations. Software leveraged in financial services and other industries continues to be impacted by an

increasing number of zero-day vulnerabilities, thus increasing inherent cyber risk to Citi.

The increasing use of mobile and other digital banking platforms and services, cloud technologies, new and emerging

technologies (such as AI) and connectivity solutions to facilitate remote working for Citi’s employees all increase Citi’s

exposure to cybersecurity risks. Citi is also susceptible to cyberattacks given, among other things, its size and scale, high-

profile brand, global footprint and prominent role in the financial system, as well as the ongoing wind-down of its

businesses in Russia (see the emerging markets risk factor below). Additionally, Citi continues to operate in multiple

jurisdictions in the midst of geopolitical unrest or uncertainties, including the Russia–Ukraine war and the conflicts in the

Middle East, which could expose Citi to heightened risk of insider threat, cyber threats from nation-state actors,

hacktivism or other cyber incidents.

Citi continues to experience increased exposure to cyberattacks through third parties, in part because financial

institutions are becoming increasingly interconnected with central agents, exchanges and clearing houses. Third parties

with which Citi does business, as well as retailers and other third parties with which Citi’s customers do business, and

any such third parties’ downstream service providers, also pose cybersecurity risks, particularly where activities of

customers are beyond Citi’s security and control systems. For example, Citi outsources certain functions, such as

processing customer credit card transactions, uploading content on customer-facing websites and developing software for

new products and services. These relationships allow for the storage and processing of customer information by third-

party hosting of, or access to, Citi websites. This could lead to compromise or the potential to introduce vulnerable or

malicious code, resulting in security breaches or business disruptions impacting Citi customers, employees or operations.

While many of Citi’s agreements with third parties include indemnification provisions, Citi may not be able to recover

sufficiently under these provisions, or at all, to adequately offset any losses and other adverse impacts Citi may incur from

third-party cyber incidents.

Citi and some of its third-party partners have been subjected to attempted and sometimes successful cyberattacks

over the last several years, including (i) denial of service attacks, which attempt to interrupt service to clients and

customers; (ii) hacking and malicious software installations intended to gain unauthorized access to information systems

or to disrupt those systems and/or impact availability or privacy of confidential data, with objectives including, but not

limited to, extortion payments or causing reputational damage; (iii) data breaches due to unauthorized access to customer

account or other data; and (iv) malicious software attacks on client systems, in attempts to gain unauthorized access to

Citi systems or client data under the guise of normal client transactions.

While Citi’s monitoring and protection services have historically generally succeeded in detecting, thwarting and/or

responding to attacks targeting its systems before they become significant, certain past incidents resulted in limited losses,

as well as increases in expenditures to monitor against the threat of similar future cyber incidents. There can be no

assurance that such cyber incidents will not occur again, and they could occur more frequently, via novel tactics, including

leveraging of tools made possible by emerging technologies, and on a more significant scale.

Despite the significant resources Citi allocates to implement, maintain, monitor and regularly upgrade its systems

and networks with measures such as intrusion detection and prevention systems and firewalls to safeguard critical business

applications, there is no guarantee that these measures or any other measures can provide sufficient security. Because the

techniques used to initiate cyberattacks change frequently or, in some cases, are not recognized until launched or even

later, Citi may be unable to implement effective preventive measures or otherwise proactively address these methods. In

addition, cyber threats and cyberattack techniques change, develop and evolve rapidly, including from emerging

technologies such as AI, cloud computing and quantum computing. Given the frequency and sophistication of

cyberattacks, the determination of the severity and potential impact of a cyber incident may not become apparent for a

substantial period of time following detection of the incident. Also, while Citi strives to implement measures to reduce

the exposure resulting from outsourcing risks, such as performing security control assessments of third-party vendors and

limiting third-party access to the least privileged level necessary to perform job functions, these measures cannot prevent

all third-party-related cyberattacks or data breaches. In addition, the risk of insider threats may continue to be elevated in

the near term due to Citi’s recent overall simplification initiatives, including streamlining its global staff functions.

Cyber incidents can result in the disclosure of personal, confidential or proprietary customer, client or employee

information; damage to Citi’s reputation with its clients, other counterparties and the market; customer dissatisfaction;

and additional costs to Citi, including expenses such as repairing or replacing systems, replacing customer payment cards,

credit monitoring or adding new personnel or protection technologies. Cyber incidents can also result in regulatory

penalties, loss of revenues, deposit flight, exposure to litigation and regulatory action and other financial losses, including

loss of funds to both Citi and its clients and customers, and disruption to Citi’s operational systems (see the operational

processes and systems risk factor above).

Moreover, the increasing risk of cyber incidents has resulted in increased legislative and regulatory action on

cybersecurity, including, among other things, scrutiny of firms’ cybersecurity protection processes and services, laws and

regulations to enhance protection of consumers’ personal data and mandated disclosure on cybersecurity matters.

While Citi maintains insurance coverage that may, subject to policy terms and conditions including significant self-

insured deductibles, cover certain aspects of cyber risks, such insurance coverage may be insufficient to cover all losses

and may not take into account reputational harm, the costs of which are impossible to quantify.

Changes or Errors in Accounting Assumptions, Judgments or Estimates, or the Application of Certain Accounting

Principles, Could Result in Significant Losses or Other Adverse Impacts.

U.S. GAAP requires Citi to use certain assumptions, judgments and estimates in preparing its financial statements,

including, among other items, the estimate of the ACL; reserves related to litigation, regulatory and tax matters; valuation

of DTAs; the fair values of certain assets and liabilities; and the assessment of goodwill and other assets for impairment.

These assumptions, judgments and estimates are inherently limited because they involve techniques, which could include

the use of historical data and AI, that cannot anticipate or model every economic and financial outcome in the markets in

which Citi operates, nor can they anticipate the specific impact and timing of such outcomes. For example, many models

used by Citi include assumptions about correlation or lack thereof among prices of various asset classes or other market

indicators that may not hold in times of market stress, limited liquidity or other unforeseen circumstances.

If Citi’s assumptions, judgments or estimates underlying its financial statements are incorrect or differ from actual or

subsequent events, Citi could experience unexpected losses or other adverse impacts, some of which could be significant.

Citi could also experience declines in its stock price, be subject to legal and regulatory proceedings and incur fines and

other losses.

For example, the CECL methodology requires that Citi provide reserves for a current estimate of lifetime expected

credit losses for its loan portfolios and other financial assets, as applicable, at the time those assets are originated or

acquired. This estimate is adjusted each period for changes in expected lifetime credit losses. Citi’s ACL estimate is

subject to judgments and depends upon its CECL models and assumptions; forecasted macroeconomic conditions,

including, among other things, the U.S. unemployment rate and U.S. inflation-adjusted gross domestic product (real

GDP); and the credit indicators, composition and other characteristics of Citi’s loan portfolios and other applicable

financial assets. These model assumptions and forecasted macroeconomic conditions will change over time, resulting in

variability in Citi’s ACL and, thus, impact its results of operations and financial condition, as well as regulatory capital

due to the CECL phase-in (see the capital return risk factor above).

Moreover, Citi has incurred losses related to its foreign operations that are reported in the CTA components of

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI). In accordance with U.S. GAAP, a sale, substantial liquidation

or other deconsolidation event of any foreign operations, such as those related to Citi’s remaining divestitures or legacy

businesses, would result in reclassification of any foreign CTA component of AOCI related to that foreign operation,

including related hedges and taxes, into Citi’s earnings. For example, Citi could incur a significant loss on sale due to

CTA losses related to any such divestitures (see the capital risk factor above and the emerging markets risk factor below).

The majority of these losses would be regulatory capital neutral at the completion of the divestiture.

Changes to Financial Accounting and Reporting Standards or Interpretations Could Have a Material Impact on How

Citi Records and Reports Its Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Periodically, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issues financial accounting and reporting standards that

govern key aspects of Citi’s financial statements or interpretations thereof when those standards become effective,

including those areas where Citi is required to make assumptions or estimates. Changes to financial accounting or

reporting standards or interpretations, whether promulgated or required by the FASB, the SEC, U.S. banking regulators

or others, could present operational challenges and could also require Citi to change certain of the assumptions or estimates

it previously used in preparing its financial statements, which could negatively impact how it records and reports its

financial condition and results of operations generally and/or with respect to particular businesses.

If Citi’s Risk Management and Other Processes, Strategies or Models Are Deficient or Ineffective, Citi May Incur

Significant Losses and Its Regulatory Capital and Capital Ratios Could Be Negatively Impacted.

Citi utilizes a broad and diversified set of risk management and other processes and strategies, including the use of models

in analyzing and monitoring the various risks Citi assumes in conducting its activities. For example, Citi uses models

across the Company as part of its comprehensive stress testing initiatives. Citi also relies on data to aggregate, assess and

manage various risk exposures. Management of these risks and the reliability of the data are made more challenging

within a large, global financial institution, such as Citi, particularly due to complex, diverse and rapidly changing financial

markets and conditions in which Citi operates. Unexpected losses can result from untimely, inaccurate or incomplete

processes and data. In 2020 Citigroup and Citibank entered into Consent Orders with the FRB and OCC that require

Citigroup and Citibank to make improvements in various aspects of enterprise-wide risk management, compliance, data

quality management related to governance, and internal controls (see the legal and regulatory proceedings risk factor

below).

In addition, Citi’s risk management and other processes, strategies and models are inherently limited because they

involve techniques, including the use of historical data in many circumstances, assumptions and judgments that cannot

anticipate every economic and financial outcome in the markets in which Citi operates, particularly given various

macroeconomic, geopolitical and other challenges and uncertainties (see the macroeconomic challenges and uncertainties

risk factor above), nor can they anticipate the specifics and timing of such outcomes. For example, many models used by

Citi include assumptions about correlation or lack thereof among prices of various asset classes or other market indicators

that may not necessarily hold in times of market stress, limited liquidity or other unforeseen circumstances, or identify

changes in markets or client behaviors not yet inherent in historical data.

Citi could incur significant losses, receive negative regulatory evaluation or examination findings or be subject to

additional enforcement actions, and its regulatory capital, capital ratios and ability to return capital could be negatively

impacted, if Citi’s risk management and other processes, including its ability to manage and aggregate data in a timely

and accurate manner, strategies or models are deficient or ineffective. For additional information, see the capital return

risk factor above and the heightened regulatory scrutiny and ongoing interpretation of regulatory changes risk factor

below. Such deficiencies or ineffectiveness could also result in inaccurate financial, regulatory or risk reporting.

Moreover, Citi’s Basel III regulatory capital models, including its credit, market and operational risk models,

currently remain subject to ongoing regulatory review and approval, which may result in refinements, modifications or

enhancements (required or otherwise) to these models. Citi is required to notify and obtain preapproval from both the

OCC and FRB prior to implementing certain risk-weighted asset treatments, as well as certain model changes, resulting

in a more challenging environment within which Citi must operate in managing its risk-weighted assets. Modifications or

requirements resulting from these ongoing reviews, as well as any future changes or guidance provided by the U.S.

banking regulators regarding the U.S. regulatory capital framework applicable to Citi, including, but not limited to,

potential revisions to the U.S. Basel III rules (see the capital return risk factor above), have resulted, and could continue

to result, in significant changes to Citi’s risk-weighted assets. These changes can negatively impact Citi’s capital ratios

and its ability to meet its regulatory capital requirements.

CREDIT RISKS

Credit Risk and Concentrations of Risk Can Increase the Potential for Citi to Incur Significant Losses.

Citi has credit exposures to consumer, corporate and public sector borrowers and other counterparties in the U.S. and

various countries and jurisdictions globally, including end-of-period consumer loans of $393 billion and end-of-period

corporate loans of $301 billion at December 31, 2024.

A default by or a significant downgrade in the credit ratings of a borrower or other counterparty, or a decline in the

credit quality or value of any underlying collateral, exposes Citi to credit risk. Additionally, despite Citi’s target client

strategy, various macroeconomic, geopolitical, market and other factors, among other things, can increase Citi’s credit

risk and credit costs, particularly for vulnerable sectors, industries or countries (see the macroeconomic challenges and

uncertainties and co-branding and private label credit card risk factors above and the emerging markets risk factor below).

For example, a weakening of economic conditions can adversely affect borrowers’ ability to repay their obligations, as

well as result in Citi being unable to liquidate the collateral it holds or forced to liquidate the collateral at prices that do

not cover the full amount owed to Citi.

Citi is also a member of various central clearing counterparties and could incur financial losses as a result of defaults

by other clearing members due to the requirements of clearing members to share losses. Additionally, due to the

interconnectedness among financial institutions, concerns about the creditworthiness of or defaults by a financial

institution could spread to other financial market participants and result in market-wide losses and disruption. For

example, the failure of regional banks and other banking stresses in recent years resulted in market volatility across the

financial sector.

While Citi provides reserves for expected losses for its credit exposures, as applicable, such reserves are subject to

judgments and estimates that could be incorrect or differ from actual future events. For additional information, see the

incorrect assumptions or estimates risk factor above.

Concentrations of risk to clients or counterparties engaged in the same or related industries or doing business in a

particular geography, or to a particular product or asset class, especially credit and market risks, can also increase Citi’s

risk of significant losses. For example, Citi routinely executes a high volume of securities, trading, derivative and foreign

exchange transactions with non-U.S. sovereigns and with counterparties in the financial services industry, including

banks, insurance companies, investment banks, governments, central banks and other financial institutions. Moreover,

Citi has indemnification obligations in connection with various transactions that expose it to concentrations of risk,

including credit risk from hedging or reinsurance arrangements related to those obligations. A rapid deterioration of a

large borrower or other counterparty or within a sector or country in which Citi has large exposures or indemnifications

or unexpected market dislocations could lead to concerns about the creditworthiness of other borrowers or counterparties

in a certain geography and in related or dependent industries, and such conditions could cause Citi to incur significant

losses.

LIQUIDITY RISKS

Citi’s Businesses, Results of Operations and Financial Condition Could Be Negatively Impacted if It Does Not

Effectively Manage Its Liquidity.

As a large, global financial institution, adequate liquidity and sources of funding are essential to Citi’s businesses. Citi’s

liquidity, sources of funding and costs of funding can be significantly and negatively impacted by factors it cannot control,

such as general disruptions in the financial markets; changes in fiscal and monetary policies; regulatory requirements,

including changes in regulations; negative investor or counterparty perceptions of Citi’s creditworthiness; deposit

outflows or unfavorable changes in deposit mix; unexpected increases in cash or collateral requirements; credit ratings;

and the consequent inability to monetize available liquidity resources. In addition, Citi competes with other banks and

financial institutions for both institutional and consumer deposits, which represent Citi’s most stable and lowest cost

source of long-term funding. The competition for deposits has continued to increase in recent years, including as a result

of quantitative tightening by central banks and fixed income alternatives for customer funds.

Citi’s costs to obtain and access wholesale funding are directly related to changes in interest and currency exchange

rates and its credit spreads. Changes in Citi’s credit spreads are driven by both external market factors and factors specific

to Citi, such as negative views by investors of the financial services industry or Citi’s financial prospects, and can be

highly volatile.

Citi’s ability to obtain funding may be impaired and its cost of funding could also increase if other market participants

are seeking to access the markets at the same time or to a greater extent than expected, or if market appetite for corporate

debt securities declines, as is likely to occur in a liquidity stress event or other market crisis. In such circumstances, Citi’s

ability to sell assets may also be impaired if other market participants are seeking to sell similar assets at the same time

or a liquid market does not exist for such assets. Additionally, unexpected changes in client needs due to idiosyncratic

events or market conditions could result in greater than expected drawdowns from off-balance sheet committed facilities.

A sudden drop in market liquidity could also cause a temporary or protracted dislocation of capital markets activity. In

addition, clearing organizations, central banks, clients and financial institutions with which Citi interacts may exercise

the right to require additional collateral during challenging market conditions, which could further impair Citi’s liquidity.

If Citi fails to effectively manage its liquidity, its businesses, results of operations and financial condition could be

negatively impacted.

Limitations on the payments that Citigroup Inc. receives from its subsidiaries could also impact its liquidity. As a

holding company, Citigroup Inc. relies on interest, dividends, distributions and other payments from its subsidiaries to

fund dividends as well as to satisfy its debt and other obligations. Several of Citi’s U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries are or

may be subject to capital adequacy or other liquidity, regulatory or contractual restrictions on their ability to provide such

payments, including any local regulatory stress test requirements and inter-affiliate arrangements entered into in

connection with Citigroup Inc.’s resolution plan. Citigroup Inc.’s broker-dealer and bank subsidiaries are subject to

restrictions on their ability to lend or transact with affiliates, as well as restrictions on their ability to use funds deposited

with them in brokerage or bank accounts to fund their businesses.

A bank holding company is also required by law to act as a source of financial and managerial strength for its

subsidiary banks. As a result, the FRB may require Citigroup Inc. to commit resources to its subsidiary banks even if

doing so is not otherwise in the interests of Citigroup Inc. or its shareholders or creditors, reducing the amount of funds

available to meet its obligations.

A Ratings Downgrade Could Adversely Impact Citi’s Funding and Liquidity.

The credit rating agencies, such as Fitch Ratings, Moody’s Ratings and S&P Global Ratings, continuously evaluate Citi

and certain of its subsidiaries. Their ratings of Citi and its rated subsidiaries’ long-term debt and short-term obligations

are based on firm-specific factors, including the financial strength of Citi and such subsidiaries, as well as factors that are

not entirely within the control of Citi and its subsidiaries, such as the agencies’ proprietary rating methodologies and

assumptions, potential impact from negative actions on U.S. sovereign ratings and conditions affecting the financial

services industry and markets generally.

A ratings downgrade could result from, among other factors, delays or missteps in Citi’s transformation efforts,

including risk management and internal controls improvements, public statements by Citi’s management or regulators,

operational risk charges, control failures, substantial failure to meet cost targets, deterioration in Citi’s funding structure

or liquidity, declines in profitability, significant increases in risk appetite or material reductions in regulatory

capitalization levels.

Citi and its subsidiaries may not be able to maintain their current respective ratings and outlooks. Ratings downgrades

could negatively impact Citi and its rated subsidiaries’ ability to access the capital markets and other sources of funds as

well as increase credit spreads and the costs of those funds. A ratings downgrade could also have a negative impact on

Citi and its rated subsidiaries’ ability to obtain funding and liquidity due to reduced funding capacity and the impact from

derivative triggers, which could require Citi and its rated subsidiaries to meet cash obligations and collateral requirements

or permit counterparties to terminate certain contracts. In addition, a ratings downgrade could have a negative impact on

other funding sources such as secured financing and other margined transactions for which there may be no explicit

triggers.

Furthermore, a credit ratings downgrade could have impacts that may not be currently known to Citi or are not

possible to quantify. Some of Citi’s counterparties and clients could have ratings limitations on their permissible

counterparties, of which Citi may or may not be aware. Certain of Citi’s corporate customers and trading counterparties,

among other clients, could re-evaluate their business relationships with Citi and limit the trading of certain market

instruments, and limit or withdraw deposits placed with Citi in response to ratings downgrades. Changes in customer and

counterparty behavior could impact not only Citi’s funding and liquidity but also the results of operations of certain Citi

businesses.

COMPLIANCE RISKS

Significantly Heightened Regulatory Expectations and Scrutiny in the U.S. and Globally and Ongoing Interpretation

and Implementation of Regulatory and Legislative Requirements and Changes Have Increased Citi’s Compliance,

Regulatory and Other Risks and Costs.

Large financial institutions, such as Citi, face significantly heightened regulatory and supervisory expectations and

scrutiny in the U.S. and globally, including with respect to, among other things, governance, infrastructure, data and risk

management practices and controls. These regulatory and supervisory expectations extend to employees and agents and

also include, among other things, those related to customer and client protection, market practices, anti-money laundering,

increasingly complex sanctions and disclosure regimes and various regulatory reporting requirements.

U.S. financial institutions also face increased expectations and scrutiny in the wake of the failures of several regional

banks and other banking stresses in 2023. In addition, Citi is continually required to interpret and implement extensive

and frequently changing regulatory and legislative requirements in the U.S. and other jurisdictions in which it does

business, which may overlap or conflict across jurisdictions, resulting in substantial compliance, regulatory and other

risks and costs.

A failure to comply with these expectations and requirements, even if inadvertent, or resolve any identified

deficiencies in a timely and sufficiently satisfactory manner to regulators, could result in increased regulatory oversight;

material restrictions, including, among others, imposition of additional capital buffers and limitations on capital

distributions; enforcement proceedings; penalties; and fines (see the capital return risk factor above and legal and

regulatory proceedings risk factor below).

Moreover, over the past several years, Citi has been required to implement a large number of regulatory, supervisory

and legislative changes, including new regulatory, supervisory or legislative requirements or regimes, across its businesses

and functions, and these changes continue. The changes themselves may be complex and subject to interpretation, and

result in changes to Citi’s businesses. In addition, the changes require continued substantial technology and other

investments. In some cases, Citi’s implementation of a regulatory or legislative requirement is occurring simultaneously

with changing or conflicting regulatory guidance from multiple jurisdictions (including various U.S. states) and

regulators, legal challenges or legislative action to modify or repeal existing rules or enact new rules.

Examples of regulatory or legislative changes that have resulted in increased compliance risks and costs include (i)

the U.S. regulatory capital framework and requirements, which have continued to evolve (see the capital return risk factor

above); (ii) various laws relating to the limitation of cross-border data movement and/or collection and use of customer

information, including data localization and protection and privacy laws, which also can conflict with or increase

compliance complexity with respect to other laws, including anti-money laundering laws; and (iii) the EU’s Corporate

Sustainability Reporting Directive, which may overlap but also diverge from climate-related disclosure requirements

expected to come into effect in other jurisdictions.

Citi Is Subject to Extensive Legal and Regulatory Proceedings, Examinations, Investigations, Consent Orders and

Related Compliance Efforts and Other Inquiries That Could Result in Large Monetary Penalties, Supervisory or

Enforcement Orders, Business Restrictions, Limitations on Dividends, Changes to Directors and/or Officers and

Collateral Consequences Arising from Such Outcomes.

Citi’s regulators have broad powers and discretion under their prudential and supervisory authority, and have pursued

active inspection and investigatory oversight. At any given time, Citi is a party to a significant number of legal and

regulatory proceedings and is subject to numerous governmental and regulatory examinations. Additionally, Citi remains

subject to governmental and regulatory investigations, consent orders (see discussion below) and related compliance

efforts, and other inquiries. Citi could also be subject to enforcement proceedings and negative regulatory evaluation or

examination findings not only because of violations of laws and regulations, but also due to failures, as determined by its

regulators, to have adequate policies and procedures, or to remedy deficiencies on a timely basis (see also the capital

return and resolution plan risk factors above). Citi could face further scrutiny and consequences from regulators for failing

to timely resolve open regulatory issues or having repeat regulatory issues.

As previously disclosed, the 2020 FRB Consent Order and the 2020 OCC Consent Order require Citigroup and

Citibank, respectively, to implement extensive targeted action plans and submit quarterly progress reports on a timely and

sufficient basis detailing the results and status of improvements relating principally to various aspects of enterprise-wide

risk management, compliance, data quality management related to governance, and internal controls. These improvements

will result in continued significant investments by Citi during 2025 and beyond, as an essential part of Citi’s broader

transformation efforts to enhance its risk, controls, data and finance infrastructure and compliance (see the transformation,

simplification and other priorities-related risk factor above).

Additionally, on July 10, 2024, the FRB entered into a Civil Money Penalty Consent Order with Citigroup, and the

OCC entered into a Civil Money Penalty Consent Order with Citibank. The OCC and Citibank also entered into an

Amendment to the OCC’s 2020 Consent Order (the Amendment). The FRB found that Citigroup had ongoing deficiencies

related to its data quality management program and had inadequate measures for managing and controlling its data quality

risks. The OCC found that Citibank had failed to make sufficient and sustainable progress toward achieving compliance

with its 2020 Consent Order.

The Amendment requires Citibank to formalize a process to determine whether sufficient resources are being

appropriately allocated toward achieving timely and sustainable compliance with the OCC’s 2020 Consent Order,

including any requirements on which Citibank is not making sufficient and sustainable progress (such process, the

Resource Review Plan). There can be no assurance that the Resource Review Plan and other efforts by Citi to address the

deficiencies and resolve the OCC and FRB Consent Orders will occur in a manner satisfactory, in both timing and

sufficiency, to the FRB and OCC.

Although there are no restrictions on Citi’s ability to serve its clients, the OCC Consent Order requires Citibank to

obtain prior approval of any significant new acquisition, including any portfolio or business acquisition, excluding

ordinary course transactions.

Moreover, the OCC Consent Order provides that the OCC has the right to assess future civil money penalties or take

other supervisory and/or enforcement actions. Such actions by the OCC could include imposing business restrictions,

including possible additional limitations on the declaration or payment of dividends by Citibank and changes in directors

and/or senior executive officers. More generally, the OCC and/or the FRB could again take enforcement or other actions

if the regulatory agency believes that Citi has not met regulatory expectations regarding compliance with the consent

orders.

The global judicial, regulatory and political environment has generally been challenging for large financial

institutions, which have been subject to increased regulatory scrutiny. The complexity of the federal and state regulatory

and enforcement regimes in the U.S., coupled with the global scope of Citi’s operations, also means that a single event or

issue may give rise to a large number of overlapping investigations and regulatory proceedings, either by multiple federal

and state agencies and authorities in the U.S. or by multiple regulators and other governmental entities in foreign

jurisdictions, as well as multiple civil litigation claims in multiple jurisdictions. Violations of law by other financial

institutions may also result in regulatory scrutiny of Citi. Responding to regulatory inquiries and proceedings can be time

consuming and costly, and divert management attention from Citi’s businesses.

U.S. and non-U.S. regulators have been increasingly focused on the culture of financial services firms, including Citi,

as well as “conduct risk,” a term used to describe the risks associated with behavior by employees and agents, including

third parties, that could harm clients, customers, employees or the integrity of the markets, such as improperly creating,

selling, marketing or managing products and services or improper incentive compensation programs with respect thereto,

failures to safeguard a party’s personal information or failures to identify and manage conflicts of interest.

In addition to the greater focus on conduct risk, the general heightened scrutiny and expectations from regulators

could lead to investigations and other inquiries, as well as remediation requirements, regulatory restrictions, structural

changes, more regulatory or other enforcement proceedings, civil litigation and higher compliance and other risks and

costs. For additional information, see the capital return and heightened regulatory scrutiny and ongoing interpretation of

regulatory changes risk factors above. Further, while Citi takes numerous steps to prevent and detect conduct by

employees and agents that could potentially harm clients, customers, employees or the integrity of the markets, such

behavior may not always be deterred or prevented.

Moreover, the severity of the remedies sought in legal and regulatory proceedings to which Citi is subject has

remained elevated. For example, U.S. and certain non-U.S. governmental entities have increasingly brought criminal

actions against, or have sought and obtained criminal guilty pleas or deferred prosecution agreements from, financial

institutions and individual employees. These types of actions by U.S. and other governments may, in the future, have

significant collateral consequences for Citi, including loss of customers and business, operational loss and the inability to

offer certain products or services and/or operate certain businesses. Citi may be required to accept or be subject to similar

types of criminal remedies, consent orders, sanctions, substantial fines and penalties, remediation and other financial costs

or other requirements in the future, including for matters or practices not yet known to Citi, any of which could materially

and negatively affect Citi’s businesses, business practices, financial condition or results of operations, require material

changes in Citi’s operations or cause Citi substantial reputational harm.

Additionally, many large claims—both private civil and regulatory—asserted against Citi are highly complex, slow

to develop and may involve novel or untested legal theories. The outcome of such proceedings is difficult to predict or

estimate until late in the proceedings. Although Citi establishes accruals for its legal and regulatory matters according to

accounting requirements, Citi’s estimates of, and changes to, these accruals involve significant judgment and may be

subject to significant uncertainty, and the amount of loss ultimately incurred in relation to those matters may be

substantially higher than the amounts accrued (see the incorrect assumptions or estimates risk factor above). In addition,

certain settlements are subject to court approval and may not be approved. Furthermore, regulators may be more likely to

pursue investigations or proceedings against financial institutions, such as Citi, that have previously been the subject of

other regulatory actions.

OTHER RISKS

Citi’s Emerging Markets Presence Subjects It to Various Risks as well as Increased Compliance and Regulatory Risks

and Costs.

Citi’s presence in the emerging markets subjects it to various risks. During 2024, emerging markets revenues accounted

for approximately 28% of Citi’s total revenues (based, beginning in 2024, on the IMF and FFIEC classifications, which

resulted in the exclusion of certain countries that Citi previously classified as emerging markets).

Emerging market risks include, among others, limitations or unavailability of hedges on foreign investments; foreign

currency volatility, including devaluations and strength in the U.S. dollar; central bank interest rate and other monetary

policies, including the impact of sustained high interest rates in the U.S.; unemployment, recessions or weak or slowing

economic growth; elevated inflation and hyperinflation; foreign exchange controls, including an inability to access

indirect foreign exchange mechanisms; macroeconomic, geopolitical and domestic political challenges, uncertainties and

volatility, including with respect to China, the Russia–Ukraine war and conflicts in the Middle East; cyberattacks;

restrictions arising from retaliatory laws and regulations; sanctions or asset freezes; sovereign debt volatility; fluctuations

in commodity prices; the effects of potential policy and other changes resulting from the new U.S. administration,

including those related to Mexico; the effects of potential policy and other changes resulting from the new Mexican

administration and Congress, including judicial reforms; regulatory changes, including potential conflicts among

regulations with other jurisdictions where Citi does business; limitations on foreign investment; sociopolitical instability;

civil unrest; crime, corruption and fraud; nationalization or loss of licenses; potential criminal charges; closure of branches

or subsidiaries; and confiscation of assets; and these risks can be exacerbated in the event of a deterioration in the

relationship between the U.S. and an emerging market country.

For example, Citi operates in several countries that have, or have had in the past, strict capital controls, currency

controls and/or sanctions, such as Argentina and Russia, that limit its ability to convert local currency into U.S. dollars

and/or transfer funds outside of those countries. For instance, Citi may need to record additional translation losses due to

currency controls in Argentina. Moreover, Citi may need to record additional reserves for expected losses for its credit

exposures based on the transfer risk associated with exposures outside the U.S., driven by safety and soundness

considerations under U.S. banking law.

In the event of a loss of control of AO Citibank in Russia, Citi would be required to (i) write off its remaining nominal

net investment, (ii) recognize a CTA loss of approximately $1.6 billion through earnings and (iii) recognize a loss of $0.9

billion on intercompany liabilities owed by AO Citibank to other Citi entities outside of Russia. In the sole event of a

substantial liquidation, as opposed to a loss of control, Citi would be required to recognize the CTA loss of approximately

$1.6 billion through earnings and would evaluate its remaining net investment as circumstances evolve. For additional

information about these risks and related potential impacts, see the operational processes and systems and cybersecurity

risk factors above.

In addition, political turmoil and instability; geopolitical challenges, tensions and conflicts (including those related

to China, the Russia–Ukraine war and the conflicts in the Middle East); terrorism; and other instabilities have occurred in

various regions and emerging market countries across the globe, which impact Citi’s businesses, results of operations and

financial conditions in those countries where Citi operates and have required, and may continue to require, management

time and attention and other resources, such as managing the impact of sanctions and their effect on Citi’s operations in

certain emerging market countries. For additional information, see the macroeconomic challenges and uncertainties risk

factor above.

MANAGING GLOBAL RISK

Overview

For Citi, effective risk management is of primary importance to its overall operations. Accordingly, Citi has established

an Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) Framework to ensure that all of Citi’s risks are managed appropriately and

consistently across the Company and at an aggregate, enterprise-wide level. Citi’s culture drives a strong risk and control

environment, and is at the heart of the ERM Framework, underpinning the way Citi conducts business. The activities that

Citi engages in, and the risks those activities generate, must be consistent with Citi’s Mission and Value Proposition (see

below) and the key Leadership Principles that support it, as well as Citi’s risk appetite. As discussed above, Citi also

continues its efforts to comply with the 2020 FRB and OCC Consent Orders and the OCC’s 2024 Consent Order

Amendment, relating principally to various aspects of risk management, compliance, data quality management related to

governance, and internal controls (see “Risk Factors—Compliance Risks” above).

Under Citi’s Mission and Value Proposition, which was developed by its senior leadership and distributed throughout

the Company, Citi strives to serve its clients as a trusted partner by responsibly providing financial services that enable

growth and economic progress while earning and maintaining the public’s trust by constantly adhering to the highest

ethical standards. As such, Citi asks all employees to ensure that their decisions pass three tests: they are in Citi’s clients’

best interests, create economic value and are always systemically responsible.

Citi has designed Leadership Principles that represent the qualities, behaviors and expectations all employees must

exhibit to deliver on Citi’s mission of enabling growth and economic progress. The Leadership Principles inform Citi’s

ERM Framework and contribute to creating a culture that drives client, control and operational excellence. Citi employees

share a common responsibility to uphold these Leadership Principles and hold themselves to the highest standards of

ethics and professional behavior in dealing with Citi’s clients, business colleagues, shareholders, communities and each

other.

Citi’s ERM Framework details the principles used to support effective enterprise-wide risk management across the

end-to-end risk management lifecycle. The ERM Framework covers the risk management roles and responsibilities of the

Citigroup Board of Directors (the Board), Citi’s Executive Management Team and employees across the lines of defense.

The underlying pillars of the framework encompass:

• Culture— the core principles and behaviors that underpin a strong culture of risk awareness, in line with Citi’s

Mission and Value Proposition, and Leadership Principles;

• Governance— the committee structure and reporting arrangements that support the appropriate oversight of risk

management activities at the Board and Executive Management Team levels and establishes Citi’s Lines of Defense

model;

• Risk Management— the end-to-end risk management cycle including the identification, measurement, monitoring,

controlling and reporting of all risks including top, material, growing, idiosyncratic and emerging risks, and

aggregated to an enterprise-wide level; and

• Enterprise Programs— the key risk management programs performed across the risk management lifecycle for all

risk categories.

Each of these pillars is underpinned by supporting capabilities covering people, infrastructure and tools that are in

place to enable the execution of the ERM Framework. Controls are established to mitigate the risks associated with the

execution of these pillars and supporting capabilities.

Citi’s approach to risk management requires that its risk-taking be consistent with its risk appetite. Risk appetite

is the aggregate level of risk that Citi is willing to tolerate in order to achieve its strategic objectives and business plan.

Risk limits and thresholds represent allocations of Citi’s risk appetite to businesses and risk categories. Concentration

risks are controlled through a subset of these limits and thresholds.

Citi’s risks are generally categorized and summarized as follows:

• Credit risk is the risk of loss resulting from the decline in credit quality (or downgrade risk) or failure of a borrower,

counterparty, third party or issuer to honor its financial or contractual obligations.

• Liquidity risk is the risk that Citi will not be able to efficiently meet both expected and unexpected current and future

cash flow and collateral needs without adversely affecting either daily operations or financial conditions of Citi. Risk

may be exacerbated by the inability of the Company to access funding sources or monetize assets and the composition

of liability funding and liquid assets.

• Market risk (trading and non-trading): Market risk of trading portfolios is the risk of economic or trading loss arising

from changes in the value of Citi’s assets and liabilities resulting from changes in market variables, such as interest

rates, equity and commodity prices, foreign exchange rates or credit spreads. Market risk of non-trading portfolios is

the impact of adverse changes in market variables such as interest rates, foreign exchange rates, credit spreads and

equity prices on Citi’s net interest income, economic value of equity or AOCI.

• Operational risk is the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems, or from

external events. It includes legal risk, which is the risk of loss (including litigation costs, settlements and regulatory

fines) resulting from Citi’s failure to comply with laws, regulations, prudent ethical standards or contractual

obligations in any aspect of Citi’s business, but excludes strategic and reputation risks (see below).

• Compliance risk is the risk to current or projected financial condition and resilience arising from violations of laws,

rules or regulations, or from non-conformance with prescribed practices, internal policies and procedures or ethical

standards.

• Reputation risk is the risk to current or projected financial conditions and resilience from negative opinion held by

stakeholders. This risk may impair Citi’s competitiveness by affecting its ability to establish new relationships or

services or continue servicing existing relationships.

• Strategic risk is the risk of a sustained impact (not episodic impact) to Citi’s core strategic objectives as measured by

impacts on anticipated earnings, market capitalization or capital, arising from the external factors affecting the

Company’s operating environment; as well as the risks associated with defining the strategy and executing the

strategy, which are identified, measured and managed as part of the Strategic Risk Framework at the Enterprise Level.

Additionally, Citi categorizes and summarizes risks that span the above risk categories, such as concentration

risk, country risk and climate risk.

Citi uses a lines of defense model as a key component of its ERM Framework to manage its risks. As discussed

below, the lines of defense model brings together risk-taking, risk oversight and risk assurance under one umbrella

and provides an avenue for risk accountability of the first line of defense, a construct for effective challenge by the

second line of defense (Independent Risk Management and Independent Compliance Risk Management), and

empowers independent risk assurance by the third line of defense (Internal Audit). In addition, the lines of defense

model includes organizational units tasked with supporting a strong control environment (enterprise support

functions). The first, second and third lines of defense, along with enterprise support functions, have distinct roles

and responsibilities and are empowered to perform relevant risk management processes and responsibilities in order

to manage Citi’s risks in a consistent and effective manner.

CREDIT RISK

Overview

Credit risk is the risk of loss resulting from the decline in credit quality of a client, customer or counterparty (or downgrade

risk) or the failure of a borrower, counterparty, third party or issuer to honor its financial or contractual obligations. For

example, credit risk can arise from a deterioration in (i) the operating and financial performance of a borrower or (ii) a

decline in the quality or value of any underlying collateral, both of which may also be impacted by adverse changes in

macroeconomic, geopolitical, market and other factors. Credit risk is one of the most significant risks Citi faces as an

institution (see “Risk Factors—Credit Risks” above). Credit risk arises in many of Citigroup’s business activities,

including:

• consumer, commercial and corporate lending;

• capital markets derivative transactions;

• structured finance; and

• securities financing transactions (repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements, and securities loaned and

borrowed).

Credit risk also arises from clearing and settlement activities, when Citi transfers an asset in advance of receiving its

counter-value or advances funds to settle a transaction on behalf of a client. Concentration risk, within credit risk, is the

risk associated with having credit exposure concentrated within a specific client, industry, region or other category.

Citi has an established framework in place for managing credit risk across all businesses that includes a defined risk

appetite, credit limits and credit policies. Citi’s credit risk management framework also includes policies and procedures

to manage problem exposures.

To manage concentration risk, Citi has in place a framework consisting of industry limits, single-name concentrations

for each business and across Citigroup and a specialized product limit framework.

Credit exposures are generally reported in notional terms for accrual loans, reflecting the value at which the loans as

well as other off-balance sheet commitments are carried on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Credit exposure arising from

capital markets activities is generally expressed as the current mark-to-market, net of margin, reflecting the net value

owed to Citi by a given counterparty.

The credit risk associated with Citi’s credit exposures is a function of the idiosyncratic creditworthiness of the obligor,

as well as the terms and conditions of the specific obligation. Citi assesses the credit risk associated with its credit

exposures on a regular basis through its allowance for credit losses (ACL) process, as well as through regular stress testing

at the company, business, geography and product levels. These stress-testing processes typically estimate potential

incremental credit costs that would occur as a result of either downgrades in the credit quality or defaults of the obligors

or counterparties.

LIQUIDITY RISK

Overview

Adequate and diverse sources of funding and liquidity are essential to Citi’s businesses. Funding and liquidity risks arise

from several factors, many of which are mostly or entirely outside of Citi’s control, such as disruptions in the financial

markets, changes in key funding sources, credit spreads, changes in Citi’s credit ratings and macroeconomic, geopolitical

and other conditions. For additional information, see “Risk Factors—Liquidity Risks” above.

Citi’s funding and liquidity management objectives are aimed at (i) funding its existing asset base, (ii) growing its

core businesses, (iii) maintaining sufficient liquidity, structured appropriately, so that Citi can operate under a variety of

adverse circumstances, including potential Company-specific and/or market liquidity events in varying durations and

severity, and (iv) satisfying regulatory requirements, including, but not limited to, those related to resolution planning.

Citigroup’s primary liquidity objectives are established by entity, and in aggregate, across two major categories:

• Citibank (including Citibank Europe plc, Citibank Singapore Ltd. and Citibank (Hong Kong) Ltd.); and

• Citi’s non-bank and other entities, including the parent holding company (Citigroup Inc.), Citi’s primary

intermediate holding company (Citicorp LLC), Citi’s broker-dealer subsidiaries (including Citigroup Global

Markets Inc., Citigroup Global Markets Limited and Citigroup Global Markets Japan Inc.) and other bank and non-

bank subsidiaries that are consolidated into Citigroup (including Banamex).

At an aggregate Citigroup level, Citi’s goal is to maintain sufficient funding in amount and tenor to fully fund

customer assets and to provide an appropriate amount of cash and high-quality liquid assets, even in times of stress, in

order to meet its payment obligations as they come due. The liquidity risk management framework provides that, in

addition to the aggregate requirements, certain entities be self-sufficient or net providers of liquidity, including in

conditions established under their designated stress tests.

Citi’s primary funding sources include (i) corporate and consumer deposits via Citi’s bank subsidiaries, including

Citibank, N.A. (Citibank), (ii) long-term debt (primarily senior and subordinated debt) mainly issued by Citigroup Inc.,

as the parent, and Citibank, and (iii) stockholders’ equity. These sources may be supplemented by short-term borrowings,

primarily in the form of secured funding transactions.

Citi’s funding and liquidity framework, working in concert with overall asset/liability management, helps ensure that

there is sufficient liquidity and tenor in the overall liability structure (including funding products) of the Company relative

to the liquidity requirements of Citi’s assets. This reduces the risk that liabilities will become due before assets mature or

are monetized. The Company holds excess liquidity, primarily in the form of high-quality liquid assets (HQLA).

Citi’s liquidity is managed centrally by Corporate Treasury, in conjunction with regional and in-country treasurers

with oversight provided by Independent Risk Management and various Asset and Liability Committees (ALCOs) at the

individual entity, region, country and business levels. Pursuant to this approach, Citi’s HQLA are managed with emphasis

on asset/liability management and entity-level liquidity adequacy throughout Citi.

Citi’s Chief Risk Officer and Chief Financial Officer co-chair Citigroup’s ALCO, which includes Citi’s Treasurer

and other senior executives. The ALCO sets the strategy of the liquidity portfolio and monitors portfolio performance.

Significant changes to portfolio asset allocations are approved by the ALCO. Citi also has other ALCOs, which are

established at various organizational levels to ensure appropriate oversight for individual entities, countries, franchise

businesses and regions, serving as the primary governance committees for managing Citi’s balance sheet and liquidity.

As a supplement to Citigroup’s ALCO, Citi’s Funding and Liquidity Risk Committee (FLRC) is focused on funding

and liquidity risk matters. The FLRC reviews and discusses the funding and liquidity risk profile of, as well as risk

management practices for, Citigroup and Citibank and reports its findings and recommendations to each relevant ALCO

as appropriate.

MARKET RISK

Overview

Market risk is the potential for losses arising from changes in the value of Citi’s assets and liabilities resulting from

changes in market variables such as interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity prices, commodity prices and credit

spreads, as well as their implied volatilities. Market risk arises from both Citi’s trading and non-trading portfolios. For

additional information on market risk and market risk management at Citi, see “Risk Factors” above.

Each business is required to establish, with approval from Citi’s market risk management, a market risk limit

framework for identified risk factors that clearly defines approved risk profiles and is within the parameters of Citi’s

overall risk appetite. These limits are monitored by the Risk organization, including various regional, legal entity and

business Risk Management committees, Citi’s country and business Asset and Liability Committees and the Citigroup

Risk Management and Asset and Liability Committees. In all cases, the businesses are ultimately responsible for the

market risks taken and for remaining within their defined limits.

Market Risk of Trading Portfolios

Trading portfolios include positions resulting from market-making activities, the CVA relating to derivative

counterparties and all associated hedges, fair value option loans and hedges of the loan portfolio within capital markets

origination. Management of the market risk of Citi’s trading portfolio is governed by the Mark-to-Market Risk Policy and

the Markets Risk Management Committee.

The market risk of CGMHI’s trading portfolios is monitored using a combination of quantitative and qualitative

measures, including, but not limited to, factor sensitivities, value at risk (VaR) and stress testing. Each trading portfolio

across CGMHI’s businesses has its own market risk limit framework encompassing these measures and other controls,

including trading mandates, new product approval, permitted product lists and pre-trade approval for larger, more complex

and less liquid transactions. These controls enable the monitoring and management of CGMHI’s top market risks.

Factor Sensitivities

When managing market risk for its trading portfolios, CGMHI uses factor sensitivities to measure the change in value of

a position for a defined change in a market risk factor, such as a change in the value of a U.S. Treasury bond for a one-

basis-point change in interest rates. Citi’s Global Market Risk function, within the Independent Risk Management

organization, works to ensure that factor sensitivities are calculated, monitored and limited for all material risks taken in

the trading portfolios.

Value at Risk (VaR)

VaR estimates, at a 99% confidence level, the potential decline in the value of a position or a portfolio under normal

market conditions assuming a one-day holding period. VaR statistics, which are based on historical data, can be materially

different across firms due to differences in portfolio composition, VaR methodologies and model parameters. As a result,

Citi believes VaR statistics can be used more effectively as indicators of trends in risk-taking within a firm, rather than as

a basis for inferring differences in risk-taking across firms.

Citi uses a single, independently approved Monte Carlo simulation VaR model, which has been designed to capture

material risk sensitivities (such as first- and second-order sensitivities of positions to changes in market prices) of various

asset classes/risk types (such as interest rate, credit spread, foreign exchange, equity and commodity risks). Citi’s VaR

includes positions that are measured at fair value.

Citi believes its VaR model is conservatively calibrated to incorporate fat-tail scaling and the greater of short-term

(approximately the most recent month) and long-term (18 months for commodities and three years for others) market

volatility. The Monte Carlo simulation involves approximately 550,000 market factors, making use of approximately

480,000 time series, with sensitivities updated daily, volatility parameters updated intra-monthly and correlation

parameters updated monthly. As of December 31, 2024, Citi estimates that the conservative features of the VaR calibration

contribute an approximate 24% add-on to what would be a VaR estimated under the assumption of stable and perfectly,

normally distributed markets.

CGMHI Year-end and Average Trading VaR and Trading and Credit Portfolio VaR

December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023

In millions of dollars

2024 Average 2023 Average

Interest rate

$ 95 $ 77 $ 75 $ 95

Equity

29 30 21 21

Commodity

23 19 14 23

Foreign exchange

17 13 18 10

Covariance adjustment

(1)

(66) (61) (52) (54)

Total trading VAR—all market risk factors, including

general and specific risk (excluding credit portfolios)

(2)

98 78 76 95

Specific risk-only component

(3)

22 5 (1) —

Total trading VAR—general market risk factors

only (excluding credit portfolios)

76 73 77 95

Incremental impact of the credit portfolio

(4)

— 1 1 1

Total trading and credit portfolio VAR $ 98 $ 79 $ 77 $ 96

(1) Covariance adjustment (also known as diversification benefit) equals the difference between the total VaR and the sum of the VaRs

tied to each risk type. The benefit reflects the fact that the risks within individual and across risk types are not perfectly correlated

and, consequently, the total VaR on a given day will be lower than the sum of the VaRs relating to each risk type. The determination

of the primary drivers of changes to the covariance adjustment is made by an examination of the impact of both model parameter and

position changes.

(2) The total trading VaR includes mark-to-market and certain fair value option trading positions in CGMHI, with the exception of hedges

of the loan portfolio, fair value option loans and all CVA exposures.

(3) The specific risk-only component represents the level of equity and fixed income issuer-specific risk embedded in VaR.

(4) The credit portfolio is composed of mark-to-market positions associated with the CVA relating to derivative counterparties, all

associated CVA hedges and market sensitivity FVA hedges. FVA and DVA are not included. The credit portfolio also includes hed ges

of the loan portfolio, fair value option loans and hedges of the leveraged finance pipeline within capital markets origination .

The table below provides the range of market factor VaRs associated with CGMHI’s total trading VaR, inclusive of

specific risk:

In millions of dollars

Low High Low High

Interest rate

$ 54 $ 112 $ 71 $ 130

Equity

13 97 12 37

Commodity

12 29 13 37

Foreign exchange

6 38 5 20

Total trading $ 56 $ 136 $ 67 $ 134

Total trading and credit portfolio 58 135 68 137

2024

2023

Note: No covariance adjustment can be inferred from the above table as the high and low for each market factor will be

from different close-of-business dates.

VaR Model Review and Validation

Generally, Citi’s VaR review and model validation process entails reviewing the model framework, major assumptions

and implementation of the mathematical algorithm. In addition, product-specific back-testing on portfolios is periodically

completed as part of the ongoing model performance monitoring process and reviewed with Citi’s U.S. banking regulators.

Material VaR model and assumption changes must be independently validated within Citi’s Independent Risk

Management organization. All model changes, including those for the VaR model, are validated by the model validation

group within Citi’s Model Risk Management. In the event of significant model changes, parallel model runs are

undertaken prior to implementation. In addition, significant model and assumption changes are subject to the periodic

reviews and approval by Citi’s U.S. banking regulators.

Stress Testing

Citi performs market risk stress testing on a regular basis to estimate the impact of extreme market movements. It is

performed on individual positions and trading portfolios, as well as in aggregate, inclusive of multiple trading portfolios.

Citi’s market risk management, after consultations with the businesses, develops both systemic and specific stress

scenarios, reviews the output of periodic stress testing exercises and uses the information to assess the ongoing

appropriateness of exposure levels and limits. Citi uses two complementary approaches to market risk stress testing across

all major risk factors (i.e., equity, foreign exchange, commodity, interest rate and credit spreads): top-down systemic

stresses and bottom-up business-specific stresses. Systemic stresses are designed to quantify the potential impact of

extreme market movements on an institution-wide basis, and are constructed using both historical periods of market stress

and projections of adverse economic scenarios. Business-specific stresses are designed to probe the risks of particular

portfolios and market segments, especially those risks that are not fully captured in VaR and systemic stresses.

The systemic stress scenarios and business-specific stress scenarios at Citi are used in several reports reviewed by

senior management and also to calculate internal risk capital for trading market risk, as well as enable the monitoring and

managing of Citi’s top market risks.

In general, changes in market values are defined over a one-year horizon. For the most liquid positions and market

factors, changes in market values are defined over a shorter two-month horizon. The limited set of positions and market

factors whose market value changes are defined over a two-month horizon are those that in management’s judgment have

historically remained very liquid during financial crises, even as the trading liquidity of most other positions and market

factors materially declined.

OPERATIONAL RISK

Overview

Operational risk is the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, human error or systems errors,

or external events. As discussed further below, operational risk includes cybersecurity risk. It also includes legal risk,

which is the risk of loss (including litigation costs, settlements and regulatory fines) resulting from the failure of Citi to

comply with laws, regulations, prudent ethical standards and contractual obligations in any aspect of its businesses, but

excludes strategic and reputation risks. Citi also recognizes the impact of operational risk on the reputation risk associated

with Citi’s business activities.

Operational risk is inherent in Citi’s global business activities, as well as related support functions, and can result in

losses. Citi maintains a comprehensive Company-wide risk taxonomy to classify operational risks that it faces using

standardized definitions across Citi’s Operational Risk Management Framework (see discussion below). This taxonomy

also supports regulatory requirements and expectations inclusive of those related to U.S. Basel III, Comprehensive Capital

Analysis and Review (CCAR), Heightened Standards for Large Financial Institutions and Dodd-Frank Act Stress Testing

(DFAST).

Citi manages operational risk consistent with the overall framework described in “Managing Global Risk—

Overview” above. Citi’s goal is to keep operational risk at appropriate levels relative to the characteristics of its

businesses, the markets in which it operates, its capital and liquidity and the competitive, economic and regulatory

environment. This includes effectively managing operational risk and maintaining or reducing operational risk exposures

within Citi’s operational risk appetite.

Citi’s Independent Operational Risk Management group has established a global Operational Risk Management

Framework with policies and practices for identification, measurement, monitoring, controlling and reporting operational

risks and the overall operating effectiveness of the internal control environment. As part of this framework, Citi has

defined its operational risk appetite and established a Manager’s Control Assessment (MCA) process for self-

identification of significant operational risks, assessment of the performance of key controls and mitigation of residual

risk above acceptable levels.

Each Citi operating segment must implement operational risk processes consistent with the requirements of this

framework. This includes:

• understanding and assessing the operational risks they are exposed to;

• designing, executing and testing controls that mitigate identified risks;

• establishing key indicators;

• monitoring and reporting whether the operational risk exposures are in or out of their operational risk appetite;

• having processes in place to bring operational risk exposures within acceptable levels;

• periodically estimating and aggregating the operational risks they are exposed to; and

• ensuring that sufficient resources are available to actively improve the operational risk environment and mitigate

emerging risks.

Citi considers operational risks that result from the introduction of new or changes to existing products, or result from

significant changes in its organizational structures, systems, processes and personnel.

Citi has a governance structure for the oversight of operational risk exposures through Business Risk and Controls

Committees (BRCCs), which are focused at the group, business or function, or geography level. BRCCs provide channels

to inform and escalate to senior management about operational risk exposures, control issues and operational risk events,

and allow them to take and document decisions around the mitigation, remediation or acceptance of operational risk

exposures.

In addition, Independent Risk Management, including the Operational Risk Management group, works proactively

with Citi’s businesses and functions to drive a strong and embedded operational risk management culture and framework

across Citi. The Operational Risk Management group actively challenges business and functions implementation of the

Operational Risk Management Framework requirements and the quality of operational risk management practices and

outcomes.

Information about businesses’ key operational risks, historical operational risk losses and the control environment is

reported by each major business segment and functional area. Citi’s operational risk profile and related information is

summarized and reported to senior management, as well as to the Audit and Risk Committees of Citigroup’s Board of

Directors by the Head of Operational Risk Management.

Operational risk is measured through Operational Risk Capital and Operational Risk Regulatory Capital for the

Advanced Approaches under Basel III. Projected operational risk losses under stress scenarios are estimated as a required

part of the FRB’s CCAR process.

For additional information on Citi’s operational risks, see “Risk Factors—Operational Risks” above.

Cybersecurity Risk

Overview

Cybersecurity risk is the business risk associated with the threat posed by a cyberattack, cyber breach or the failure to

protect Citi’s most vital business information assets or operations, resulting in a financial or reputational loss (see the

operational processes and systems and cybersecurity risk factors in “Risk Factors—Operational Risks” above). With an

evolving threat landscape, ever-increasing sophistication of threat actor tactics, techniques and procedures, ongoing and

emerging geopolitical conflicts, and the use of new technologies, including those enabled by artificial intelligence and

machine learning capabilities, to conduct financial transactions, Citi and its clients, customers and third parties (and fourth

parties, etc.) continue to be at risk from cyberattacks and information security incidents. Citi leverages a threat-focused,

defense-in-depth strategy that ensures that multiple controls work in tandem against various threats to increase the

likelihood that malicious activity will be prevented, detected and mitigated.

Citi has a mature cybersecurity threat identification and management program that relies on an industry-aligned, risk-

based, defense-in-depth approach, including an internal cybersecurity intelligence center, participation in industry and

government information-sharing programs, vulnerability assessment and scanning tools, intrusion detection and

prevention systems, security incident and event management systems, firewalls, penetration testing, adversary emulation

exercises, data management (including classification, encryption at rest and in transit, and access management), multi-

factor authentication requirements and other logical, physical and technical controls designed to prevent, deter, mitigate

and respond to cybersecurity threats.

Citi’s cyber and information security program is supported by comprehensive governance, including policies,

standards and procedures that dictate requirements and best practices around various program aspects, including, but not

limited to, third-party risk management, data management, asset management, information security practices, security

incident management and regulatory compliance. Citi’s Chief Information Security Organization’s risks and controls are

measured against its Cybersecurity Risk Appetite Statement, which was initially approved by the Risk Management

Committee of the Board of Directors and is reapproved annually by Citi’s Risk Committee, chaired by Citi’s Chief Risk

Officer. Citi’s Cybersecurity Risk Appetite Statement leverages key risk indicators to establish enterprise risk tolerance

and define risk management strategy with respect to cyber and information security. Further, Citi actively participates in

financial industry, government and cross-sector knowledge-sharing groups to enhance individual and collective

cybersecurity preparedness and resilience.

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Governance

Citi’s technology and cybersecurity risk management program is built on Citi’s three lines of defense, each of which is

integrated into Citi’s overall risk management systems and processes.

Citi’s Chief Information Security Office, which is led by Citi’s Head of Foundational Services and Chief Information

Security Officer (CISO), serves as the first line of defense. This office provides frontline business, operational and

technical controls and capabilities to (1) protect against cybersecurity risks, and (2) respond to cyber incidents, including

data breaches. Citi manages cybersecurity threats through its state-of-the-art fusion centers, which serve as central

commands for monitoring and coordinating responses to cyber threats.

Citi’s Chief Information Security Organization is responsible for application and infrastructure defense and security

controls, performing vulnerability assessments and third-party information security assessments (including cybersecurity

risk assessments associated with Citi’s use of products and services from vendors and other third-party providers),

employee awareness and training programs, and security incident management. In each case, the enterprise information

security team works in coordination with a network of information security officers who are embedded within Citi’s

global businesses and functions, consistent with Citi’s philosophy that all Citi stakeholders have a responsibility in

managing cyber and information security risks.

Citi’s Technology and Cyber Compliance and Operational Risk Office (TCCORO) serves as the second line of

defense. This office independently evaluates and challenges Citi’s risk mitigation practices and capabilities, from a fused

operational risk and compliance lens. It functions as a joint second line of defense and in accordance with Citi’s

Cybersecurity Risk Appetite Statement. TCCORO also advises first line partners in CISO, supporting enterprise-wide

efforts to proactively identify and remediate cybersecurity risks before they materialize as incidents that negatively affect

business operations.

To address evolving cybersecurity risks and corresponding regulations, TCCORO monitors cybersecurity legal and

regulatory requirements, identifies and defines emerging risks, executes strategic cybersecurity threat assessments,

performs new product and initiative reviews, performs data management risk oversight and conducts cybersecurity risk

assurance reviews (inclusive of third-party assessments). In addition, this office oversees and challenges metrics related

to cybersecurity and technology and ensures they remain aligned with Citi’s overall operational risk management

framework to effectively track, identify and manage risk. TCCORO presents an independent viewpoint on enterprise

cybersecurity risk posture, and oversees CISO’s cybersecurity risk identification, measurement and enterprise-wide

governance of cybersecurity risk.

Internal Audit serves as Citi’s third line of defense and provides independent assurance to the Audit Committee of

the Board on the effectiveness of controls operated by the first and second lines of defense to manage cybersecurity risk.

Citi recognizes the risks associated with outsourcing services to, sharing data with, and/or technologically interacting

with third parties. Citi has built a robust third-party information security risk management program that governs third-

party engagements from selection, to the establishment of legal agreements that govern the relationship, to ongoing

monitoring through the duration of the relationship. Third-party risk management includes reliance on contractual

requirements around data and cybersecurity, vulnerability assessments, third-party information security assessments

performed at intervals determined by risk level, governance to manage end-of-life and end-of-vendor-support risks, and

third-party incident response protocols.

COMPLIANCE RISK

Compliance risk is the risk to current or projected financial condition and resilience arising from violations of laws, rules

or regulations, or from non-conformance with prescribed practices, internal policies and procedures or ethical standards.

Compliance risk exposes Citi to fines, civil money penalties, payment of damages and the voiding of contracts.

Compliance risk can result in diminished reputation, harm to Citi’s customers, limited business opportunities and lessened

expansion potential. It encompasses the risk of noncompliance with all laws and regulations, as well as prudent ethical

standards and some contractual obligations. It could also include exposure to litigation (known as legal risk) from all

aspects of traditional and non-traditional banking.

Citi seeks to operate with integrity, maintain strong ethical standards and adhere to applicable policies and regulatory

and legal requirements. Citi must maintain and execute a proactive Compliance Risk Management (CRM) Framework

(as set forth in the CRM Policy) that is designed to manage compliance risk effectively across Citi, with a view to

fundamentally strengthen the compliance risk management culture across the lines of defense taking into account Citi’s

risk governance framework and regulatory requirements.

Independent Compliance Risk Management’s (ICRM) primary objectives are to:

• Drive and embed a culture of compliance and control throughout Citi;

• Maintain and oversee an integrated CRM Framework that facilitates enterprise-wide compliance with local, national

or cross-border laws, rules or regulations, Citi’s internal policies, standards and procedures and relevant standards of

conduct;

• Assess compliance risks and issues across product lines, functions and geographies, supported by globally consistent

systems and compliance risk management processes; and

• Provide compliance risk data aggregation and reporting capabilities.

Citi carries out its objectives and fulfills its responsibilities through the CRM Framework, which is composed of the

following integrated key activities, to holistically manage compliance risk:

• Management of Citi’s compliance with laws, rules and regulations by identifying and analyzing changes, assessing

the impact and implementing appropriate policies, processes and controls;

• Developing and providing compliance training to ensure employees are aware of and understand the key laws, rules

and regulations;

• Monitoring the Compliance Risk Appetite, which is articulated through qualitative compliance risk statements

describing Citi’s appetite for certain types of risk and quantitative measures to monitor the Company’s compliance

risk exposure;

• Executing Compliance Risk Assessments, the results of which inform Compliance Risk Monitoring and testing of

compliance risks and controls in assessing conformance with laws, rules, regulations and internal policies; and

• Issue identification, escalation and remediation to drive accountability, including measurement and reporting of

compliance risk metrics against established thresholds in support of the CRM Policy and Compliance Risk Appetite.

To anticipate, control and mitigate compliance risk, Citi has established the CRM Policy to achieve standardization

and centralization of methodologies and processes, and to enable more consistent and comprehensive execution of

compliance risk management.

Citi has a commitment, as well as an obligation, to identify, assess and mitigate compliance risks associated with its

businesses and functions. ICRM is responsible for oversight of Citi’s CRM Policy, while all businesses and global control

functions are responsible for managing their compliance risks and operating within the Compliance Risk Appetite.

As discussed above, Citi is working to address the FRB and OCC Consent Orders and the OCC’s 2024 Consent Order

Amendment, which include improvements to Citi’s CRM Framework and its enterprise-wide application.

REPUTATION RISK

Citi’s reputation is a vital asset in building trust, and Citi is diligent in enhancing and protecting its reputation with its key

stakeholders. To support this, Citi has developed a reputation risk framework. Under this framework, Citigroup and

Citibank, N.A. have implemented a risk appetite statement and related key indicators to monitor corporate activities and

operations relative to Citi’s risk appetite. The framework also requires that business segments escalate potential material

reputation risks that require review or mitigation through the applicable business Management Forum or Group

Reputation Risk Committee.

The Group Reputation Risk Committee and Management Forums, which are composed of Citi’s senior executives,

govern the process by which material reputation risks are identified, measured, monitored, controlled, escalated and

reported. The Group Reputation Risk Committee and Management Forums determine the appropriate actions to be taken

in line with risk appetite and regulatory expectations, while promoting a culture of risk awareness and high standards of

integrity and ethical behavior across the Company, consistent with Citi’s Mission and Value Proposition. The Group

Reputation Risk Committee may escalate reputation risks to the Nomination, Governance and Public Affairs Committee

or other appropriate committee of the Citigroup Board of Directors.

Every Citi employee is responsible for safeguarding Citi’s reputation, guided by Citi’s Code of Conduct. Employees

are expected to exercise sound judgment and common sense in decisions and actions. They are also expected to promptly

escalate all issues that present material reputation risk in line with policy.

STRATEGIC RISK

As discussed above, strategic risk is the risk of a sustained impact (not episodic impact) to Citi’s core strategic objectives

as measured by impacts on anticipated earnings, market capitalization or capital, arising from external factors affecting

the Company’s operating environment, as well as the risks associated with defining and executing the strategy, which are

identified, measured and managed as part of the Strategic Risk Framework at the Enterprise Level.

In this context, external factors affecting Citi’s operating environment are the economic environment,

geopolitical/political landscape, industry/competitive landscape, environmental, customer/client behavior,

regulatory/legislative environment and trends related to investors/shareholders. Material strategic risks that Citi is

monitoring include the impacts of adverse changes in inflation and interest rates in the U.S., as well as macroeconomic

uncertainties driven by weak global growth, tariffs and geopolitical issues, including the Middle East conflict, the Russia–

Ukraine war and U.S.–China tensions, and increased regulatory requirements. In addition to external factors affecting

Citi’s operating environment, Citi also monitors risks related to the execution of its strategy, with heightened focus on

delivering the transformation of its risk and control environment pursuant to the 2020 FRB and OCC Consent Orders and

the 2024 Amendment to the OCC’s Consent Order.

Citi’s Executive Management Team is responsible for the development and execution of Citi’s strategy. This strategy

is translated into forward-looking plans (collectively Citi’s Strategic Plan) that are then cascaded across the organization.

Citi’s Strategic Plan is presented to the Board on an annual basis, and is aligned with risk appetite thresholds and includes

a risk assessment as required by internal frameworks. It is also aligned with limit requirements for capital allocation.

Governance and oversight of strategic risk is facilitated by internal committees on a group-wide basis.

Citi works to ensure that strategic risks are adequately considered and addressed across its various risk management

activities, and that strategic risks are assessed in the context of Citi’s risk appetite. Citi conducts a top-down, bottom-up

risk identification process to identify risks, including strategic risks. Business segments undertake a quarterly risk

identification process to systematically identify and document all material risks faced by Citi. Independent Risk

Management oversees the risk identification process through regular reviews and coordinates identification and

monitoring of top risks. In addition, Citi performs a quarterly Risk Assessment of the Plan (RAOP) and continuously

monitors risks associated with its execution of strategy. Independent Risk Management also manages strategic risk by

monitoring risk appetite thresholds in conjunction with its Global Strategic Risk Committee, which is part of the

governance structure that Citi has in place to manage its strategic risks.

For additional information on Citi’s strategic risks, see “Risk Factors—Strategic Risks” above.

Climate Risk

Climate change presents near- and long-term risks to Citi and its clients and customers, with the risks expected to increase

over time. Climate risk refers to the risk of loss arising from climate change and comprises both physical risk and transition

risk.

Climate risk is an overarching risk that can act as a driver of other categories of risk, such as credit risk from obligors

exposed to high climate risk, strategic risks if Citi fails to consider transition risk in client selection, reputational risk from

increased stakeholder concerns about financing or failing to finance high-carbon industries and operational risk from

physical risks to Citi’s facilities. Citi continues to make progress toward embedding climate-related considerations into

its overarching risk management approach, driven by the materiality of the financial and strategic risk considerations. For

additional information on climate risk, see “Risk Factors —Strategic Risks” above.

Citi continues to develop globally consistent principles and approaches for managing climate risk across the Company

through its Climate Risk Management Framework (Climate RMF). The Climate RMF provides information on the

governance, roles and responsibilities, and principles to support the identification, measurement, monitoring, controlling

and reporting of climate risks.

Citi continues to enhance its methodologies for quantifying how climate risks could impact the individual credit

profiles of its clients across various sectors. Citi has developed and embedded sector-specific climate risk assessments in

its credit underwriting process for certain sectors that have been identified as higher climate risk. Such climate risk

assessments are designed to incorporate publicly available client disclosures and data from third-party providers and

facilitate conversations with clients on their most material climate risks and management plans for adaptation and

mitigation. These assessments help Citi to better understand its clients’ businesses and climate-related risks, and support

their financial needs.

Citi also reviews factors related to climate risk associated with financed projects and clients in certain sectors under

its Environmental and Social Risk Management (ESRM) Policy. Citi’s ESRM Policy describes sector approaches to

certain high-carbon sectors, including thermal coal mining and power.

Furthermore, Citi participates in financial industry and regulatory initiatives that inform the measurement and

assessment of potential financial risks of climate change, including scenario analysis. Citi also continues to monitor and

actively engage with regulators on climate risk and sustainable finance developments.

REPURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

All large banks, including Citi, are subject to limitations on capital distributions in the event of a breach of any regulatory

capital buffers, including the Stress Capital Buffer, with the degree of such restrictions based on the extent to which the

buffers are breached. For additional information, see “Risk Factors—Strategic Risks,” above.

The following tables summarizes Citi’s common share repurchases for the third and fourth quarters of 2024:

Average

Total shares price paid

In millions, except per share amounts

purchased per share

July 2024

Open market repurchases

(1)

1,618 $ 64.90

Employee transactions

(2)

— —

August 2024

Open market repurchases

(1)

10,922 59.06

Employee transactions

(2)

— —

September 2024

Open market repurchases

(1)

4,147 60.27

Employee transactions

(2)

— —

Total for 3Q24 16,687 $ 59.93

Average

Total shares price paid

In millions, except per share amounts

purchased per share

October 2024

Open market repurchases

(1)

529 $ 64.63

Employee transactions

(2)

— —

November 2024

Open market repurchases

(1)

3,698 67.80

Employee transactions

(2)

— —

December 2024

Open market repurchases

(1)

10,102 70.79

Employee transactions

(2)

— —

Total for 4Q24 14,329 $ 69.79

(1) Repurchases not made pursuant to any publicly announced plan or program.

(2) During the third and fourth quarters, pursuant to Citigroup’s Board of Directors’ authorization, Citi withheld an

insignificant number of shares of common stock, added to treasury stock, related to activity on employee stock programs

to satisfy the employee tax requirements.

On January 13, 2025, Citigroup’s Board of Directors authorized a new, multiyear $20 billion common stock

repurchase program, beginning in the first quarter of 2025. Repurchases by Citigroup under this common stock

repurchase program are subject to quarterly approval by Citigroup’s Board of Directors; may be effected from time to

time through open market purchases, trading plans established in accordance with U.S. Securities and Exchange

Commission rules, or other means; and, as determined by Citigroup, may be subject to satisfactory market conditions,

Citigroup’s capital position and capital requirements, applicable legal requirements and other factors.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC.

AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023

AND FOR EACH OF THE YEARS

IN THE THREE YEAR PERIOD ENDED

DECEMBER 31, 2024

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Page

Independent Auditors’ Report

Consolidated Financial Statements

Consolidated Statements of Operation—

For the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 1

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)—

For the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 2

Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition—

December 31, 2024 and 2023 3 - 4

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholder’s Equity—

For the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 5

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows—

For the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 6

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 7 - 67

KPMG LLP

345 Park Avenue

New York, NY 10154-0102

KPMG LLP, a Delaware limited liability partnership and a member firm of

the KPMG global organization of independent member firms affiliated with

KPMG International Limited, a private English company limited by guarantee.

Independent Auditors’ Report

To the Stockholder and Board of Directors

Citigroup Global Markets Holdings Inc.:

Report on the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements

Opinion

We have audited the consolidated financial statements of Citigroup Global Markets Holdings Inc. and its

subsidiaries (the Company), which comprise the consolidated statements of financial condition as of December

31, 2024 and 2023, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss),

changes in stockholder’s equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December

31, 2024, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements.

In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the

financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its

cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024 in accordance with U.S.

generally accepted accounting principles.

Basis for Opinion

We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of

America (GAAS). Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditors’

Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements section of our report. We are required to

be independent of the Company and to meet our other ethical responsibilities, in accordance with the relevant

ethical requirements relating to our audits. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient

and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion.

Responsibilities of Management for the Consolidated Financial Statements

Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements in

accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and for the design, implementation, and

maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of consolidated financial

statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

Management is responsible for presenting the consolidated financial statements in accordance with the

requirements set forth in the Commission Delegated Regulation 2019/815 on European Single Electronic

Format (the ESEF Regulation).

In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to evaluate whether there are

conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to

continue as a going concern for one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are available

to be issued.

Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements

Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements as a

whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditors’ report that

includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance but is not absolute assurance and

therefore is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with GAAS will always detect a material

misstatement when it exists. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher

than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions,

misrepresentations, or the override of internal control. Misstatements are considered material if there is a

substantial likelihood that, individually or in the aggregate, they would influence the judgment made by a

reasonable user based on the consolidated financial statements.

Our responsibilities include assessing whether the consolidated financial statements have been prepared, in all

material respects, in compliance with the requirements set forth in the ESEF Regulation.

In performing an audit in accordance with GAAS, we:

● Exercise professional judgment and maintain professional skepticism throughout the audit.

● Identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether

due to fraud or error, and design and perform audit procedures responsive to those risks. Such

procedures include examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the

consolidated financial statements.

● Obtain an understanding of internal control relevant to the audit in order to design audit procedures that

are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the

effectiveness of the Company’s internal control. Accordingly, no such opinion is expressed.

● Evaluate the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of significant

accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluate the overall presentation of the

consolidated financial statements.

● Conclude whether, in our judgment, there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that

raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable

period of time.

We are required to communicate with those charged with governance regarding, among other matters, the

planned scope and timing of the audit, significant audit findings, and certain internal control related matters that

we identified during the audit.

Other Information Included in the Annual Financial Report

Management is responsible for the other information included in the annual financial report. The other

information comprises the information included in the annual financial report but does not include the

consolidated financial statements and our auditors’ report thereon. Our opinion on the consolidated financial

statements does not cover the other information, and we do not express an opinion or any form of assurance

thereon.

In connection with our audit of the consolidated financial statements, our responsibility is to read the other

information and consider whether a material inconsistency exists between the other information and the

consolidated financial statements, or the other information otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If,

based on the work performed, we conclude that an uncorrected material misstatement of the other information

exists, we are required to describe it in our report.

Report on Other Legal and Regulatory Requirements

We have evaluated the compliance of the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of December

31, 2024 and 2023 and for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024 with the

relevant statutory requirements set forth in the ESEF Regulation that are applicable to consolidated financial

statements.

For the Company, the relevant statutory requirements relate to consolidated financial statements being

prepared in a valid XHTML format.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and

for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, identified as CGMHI Annual FR 2024,

have been prepared, in all material respects, in compliance with the requirements set forth in the ESEF

Regulation.

New York, New York

April 30, 2025

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

In millions of dollars 2024 2023 2022

Revenues:

Investment banking $ 3,762 $ 2,835 $ 3,143

Principal transactions 2,635 2,467 3,456

Commissions and fees 1,699 1,525 1,601

Fiduciary fees 350 277 323

Other 204 109 112

Total non-interest revenues 8,650 7,213 8,635

Interest income 45,551 39,946 12,345

Interest expense 42,634 36,511 10,296

Net interest income 2,917 3,435 2,049

Total revenues, net of interest expense 11,567 10,648 10,684

Non-interest expenses:

Compensation and benefits 5,302 5,578 5,450

Technology/communication 1,538 1,809 1,703

Transactional and tax charges 1,405 1,373 1,304

Professional services 249 334 390

Occupancy 257 292 263

Restructuring 44 132 —

Goodwill impairment 2,188 — —

Other operating and administrative 2,361 2,160 2,017

Total non-interest expenses 13,344 11,678 11,127

Income (loss) before income taxes (1,777) (1,030) (443)

Provision (benefit) for income taxes 80 (45) (283)

Net income (loss) $ (1,857) $ (985) $ (160)

Years ended December 31,

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

In millions of dollars 2024 2023 2022

Net income (loss)

$ (1,857) $ (985) $ (160)

Add: Other comprehensive income (loss)

Net change in debt valuation adjustment (DVA), pretax

(1)

(452) (817) 1,462

Benefit plans liability adjustment, pretax 25 (25) (103)

Foreign currency translation adjustment, pretax (458) 158 (302)

Income tax on items reflected in Other comprehensive income (loss)

(2)

28 100 (102)

Total other comprehensive income (loss) (857) (584) 955

Total comprehensive income (loss) $ (2,714) $ (1,569) $ 795

Years ended December 31,

(1) See Note 12.

(2) See Note 5.

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION

December 31, December 31,

In millions of dollars 2024 2023

Assets

Cash and cash equivalents 14,254$ 13,590$

Cash segregated under federal and other regulations 5,210 10,166

Securities borrowed and purchased under agreements to resell

(including $128,119 and $187,719 as of December 31,

2024 and 2023, respectively, at fair value) 215,750 283,174

Trading account assets (including $191,297 and $192,924 pledged

to creditors at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively):

U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities 118,234 88,100

Mortgage-backed securities 64,927 81,755

Equity securities 41,929 33,579

Foreign government securities 26,314 24,926

Derivatives 20,494 20,820

Corporate 14,278 17,172

Asset-backed securities 2,309 1,721

State and municipal securities 27 445

Other trading assets 5,884 4,861

Total trading account assets

294,396 273,379

Brokerage receivables:

Customers 17,690 15,448

Brokers, dealers and clearing organizations 24,693 35,138

Total brokerage receivables

42,383 50,586

Loans to affiliates

90,647 92,063

Goodwill

—

2,190

Other assets (including $7,315 and $6,288 as of December 31,

2024 and 2023, respectively, at fair value) 22,861 22,770

Total assets

685,501$ 747,918$

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION

(Continued)

December 31, December 31,

In millions of dollars, except shares 2024 2023

Liabilities

Short-term borrowings (including $9,793 and $5,175 as of

December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, at fair value)

29,360$ 20,481$

Securities loaned and sold under agreements to repurchase

(including $49,309 and $62,435 as of December 31,

2024 and 2023, respectively, at fair value) 267,934 309,862

Trading account liabilities

89,146 111,233

Brokerage payables (including $5,207 and $4,321 as of

December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, at fair value)

Customers

60,347 61,888

Brokers, dealers and clearing organizations

9,871 12,684

Total brokerage payables

70,218 74,572

Other liabilities

9,817 10,503

Long-term debt (including $87,695 and $91,951 as of

December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, at fair value)

184,566 184,083

Total liabilities

651,041 710,734

Stockholder’s equity

Common stock (par value $.01 per share, 1,000 shares

authorized; 1,000 shares issued and outstanding)

— —

Additional paid-in capital

29,175 29,148

Retained earnings

7,076 8,970

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI)

(1,791) (934)

Total stockholder’s equity

34,460 37,184

Total liabilities and equity

685,501$ 747,918$

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDER'S EQUITY

In millions of dollars 2024 2023 2022

Common stock and additional paid-in capital

Balance, beginning of year $ 29,148 $ 29,104 $ 28,712

Capital contributions from Citigroup — — 380

Capital distributions to Citigroup — — —

Employee benefit plans 27 44 12

Balance, end of year 29,175 29,148 29,104

Retained earnings

Balance, beginning of year 8,970 9,978 10,418

Net loss (1,857) (985) (160)

Dividends (37) (23) (280)

Balance, end of year 7,076 8,970 9,978

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

Balance, beginning of year (934) (350) (1,305)

Total other comprehensive income (loss) (857) (584) 955

Balance, end of year (1,791) (934) (350)

Total stockholder's equity $ 34,460 $ 37,184 $ 38,732

Years ended December 31,

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

In millions of dollars 2024 2023 2022

Cash flows from operating activities:

CGMHI's net income (loss) $ (1,857) $ (985) $ (160)

Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash

provided by (used in) operating activities:

Goodwill impairment 2,188 — —

Deferred income taxes (58) 148 (452)

Depreciation and amortization 60 67 66

Net change in:

Trading account assets (21,017) (63,423) (18,771)

Trading account liabilities (22,087) (4,696) (6,953)

Brokerage receivables net of brokerage payables 3,849 (6,431) 12,072

Other assets 359 4,887 (8,482)

Other liabilities (686) (3,199) 4,174

Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities (39,249) (73,632) (18,506)

Cash flows from investing activities:

Securities borrowed and purchased under agreements to resell 67,424 23,099 (13,302)

Loans to affiliates 1,416 1,607 (33,929)

Other, net (70) (87) (65)

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities 68,770 24,619 (47,296)

Cash flows from financing activities:

Dividends paid (37) (23) (280)

Securities loaned and sold under agreements to repurchase (41,928) 63,946 11,901

Capital contributions from Citigroup — — 380

Employee benefit plans 27 44 12

Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt 67,569 48,410 117,589

Repayment of long-term debt (70,961) (50,791) (72,338)

Short-term borrowings, net 11,517 (15,939) 8,995

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities (33,813) 45,647 66,259

Change in cash and cash segregated under federal and other regulations (4,292) (3,366) 457

Cash and cash segregated under federal and other regulations at beginning of year 23,756 27,122 26,665

Cash and cash segregated under federal and other regulations at end of year $ 19,464 $ 23,756 $ 27,122

Cash and cash equivalents $ 14,254 $ 13,590 $ 14,381

Cash segregated under federal and other regulations 5,210 10,166 12,741

Cash and cash segregated under federal and other regulations at end of year $ 19,464 $ 23,756 $ 27,122

Cash paid during the year for interest $ 43,045 $ 35,213 $ 9,936

Change in tenor of long-term debt

(1)

$ 2,638 $ 7,430 $ (4,200)

Years ended December 31,

(1) During 2024 and 2023, the Company amended the tenor of $2.6 billion and $7.4 billion, respectively, in debt with Citicorp LLC

(Citicorp), a direct wholly owned subsidiary of Citigroup Inc., from short-term to long-term. During 2022, the Company amended

the tenor of $4.2 billion in debt with Citicorp from long-term to short-term.

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. ORGANIZATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Organization

Citigroup Global Markets Holdings Inc. (together with its consolidated subsidiaries, “CGMHI” or “the Company”) is a

direct, wholly owned subsidiary of Citigroup Inc., a Delaware corporation and a financial holding company under the Bank

Holding Company Act (Citigroup and its consolidated subsidiaries are referred to herein as “Citigroup”).

These Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in

conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (GAAP). All “Note” references correspond

to the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Certain reclassifications and updates have been made to the prior periods’ financial statements and notes to conform to the

current period’s presentation.

The Company evaluated subsequent events through February 21, 2025, the date that Citigroup’s Consolidated Financial

Statements and Notes were filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in its Annual Report on Form

10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (2024 Form 10-K). The 2024 Form 10-K includes information about CGMHI

and Citigroup.

Principles of Consolidation

The Company consolidates subsidiaries in which it holds, directly or indirectly, more than 50% of the voting rights or

where it exercises control. Entities in which the Company holds 20% to 50% of the voting rights and/or has the ability to

exercise significant influence, other than investments of designated venture capital subsidiaries or investments accounted

for at fair value under the fair value option, are accounted for under the equity method, and the pro rata share of their

income (loss) is included in Other revenue. Income from investments in less-than-20%-owned companies is recognized

when dividends are received. As discussed in more detail in Note 9, CGMHI also consolidates entities deemed to be variable

interest entities when CGMHI is determined to be the primary beneficiary.

Use of Estimates

Management must make estimates and assumptions that affect the Consolidated Financial Statements and the related Notes.

Such estimates are used in connection with certain fair value measurements. See Note 12 for further discussions on

estimates used in the determination of fair value. Moreover, estimates are significant in determining the amounts of

impairments of goodwill, provisions for probable losses that may arise from credit-related exposures, probable and

estimable losses related to litigation and regulatory proceedings, and income taxes. While management makes its best

judgment, actual amounts or results could differ from those estimates.

Uses of Special Purpose Entities

A special purpose entity (SPE) is an entity designed to fulfill a specific limited need of the company that organized it. The

principal uses of SPEs by CGMHI are to assist clients in securitizing their financial assets and create investment products for

clients and to obtain liquidity and optimize capital efficiency by securitizing certain of CGMHI’s financial assets. SPEs may

be organized in various legal forms, including trusts, partnerships or corporations. In a securitization, through the SPE’s

issuance of debt and equity instruments, certificates, commercial paper or other notes of indebtedness, the company

transferring assets to the SPE converts all (or a portion) of those assets into cash before they would have been realized in the

normal course of business. These issuances are recorded on the balance sheet of the SPE, which may or may not be

consolidated onto the balance sheet of the company that organized the SPE.

Investors usually have recourse only to the assets in the SPE, but may also benefit from other credit enhancements, such

as a collateral account, a line of credit or a liquidity facility, such as a liquidity put option or asset purchase agreement.

Because of these enhancements, the SPE issuances typically obtain a more favorable credit rating than the transferor could

obtain for its own debt issuances. This results in less expensive financing costs than unsecured debt. The SPE may also

enter into derivative contracts in order to convert the yield or currency of the underlying assets to match the needs of the

SPE investors or to limit or change the credit risk of the SPE. CGMHI may be the provider of certain credit enhancements

as well as the counterparty to any related derivative contracts. Most of CGMHI’s SPEs are variable interest entities (VIEs).

Variable Interest Entities

An entity is a variable interest entity (VIE) if it meets either of the criteria outlined in Accounting Standards Codification

(ASC) Topic 810, Consolidation, which are (i) the entity has equity that is insufficient to permit the entity to finance its

activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties, or (ii) the entity has equity investors that cannot

make significant decisions about the entity’s operations or that do not absorb their proportionate share of the entity’s expected

losses or expected returns.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Investors that finance the VIE through debt or equity interests or other counterparties providing other forms of support,

such as guarantees, certain fee arrangements or certain types of derivative contracts, are variable interest holders in the

entity.

The variable interest holder, if any, that has a controlling financial interest in a VIE is deemed to be the primary beneficiary

and must consolidate the VIE.

The Company must evaluate each VIE to understand the purpose and design of the entity, the role the Company had in the

entity's design and its involvement in the VIE’s ongoing activities. The Company then must evaluate which activities most

significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and who has the power to direct such activities.

For those VIEs where the Company determines that it has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact

the VIE’s economic performance, the Company must then evaluate its economic interests, if any, and determine whether

it could absorb losses or receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. When evaluating whether the

Company has an obligation to absorb losses that could potentially be significant, it considers the maximum exposure to

such loss without consideration of probability. Such obligations could be in various forms, including, but not limited to,

debt and equity investments, guarantees, liquidity agreements and certain derivative contracts.

In various other transactions, the Company may (i) act as a derivative counterparty (e.g., interest rate swap, cross-currency

swap or purchaser of credit protection under a credit default swap or total return swap where the Company pays the total

return on certain assets to the SPE), (ii) act as underwriter or placement agent, (iii) provide administrative, trustee or other

services or (iv) make a market in debt securities or other instruments issued by VIEs. The Company generally considers

such involvement, by itself, not to be variable interests and thus not an indicator of power or potentially significant benefits

or losses.

The Company consolidates a VIE when it has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the

VIE’s economic performance and a right to receive benefits or the obligation to absorb losses of the entity that could be

potentially significant to the VIE (that is, CGMHI is the primary beneficiary). In addition to variable interests held in

consolidated VIEs, the Company has variable interests in other VIEs that are not consolidated because the Company is not

the primary beneficiary.

All unconsolidated VIEs are monitored by the Company to assess whether any events have occurred to cause its primary

beneficiary status to change. All entities not deemed to be VIEs with which the Company has involvement are evaluated for

consolidation under other subtopics of ASC 810. See Note 9 for more detailed information.

Transfers of Financial Assets

For a transfer of financial assets to be considered a sale, (i) the assets must be legally isolated from the Company, even in

bankruptcy or other receivership, (ii) the purchaser must have the right to pledge or sell the assets transferred (or, if the

purchaser is an entity whose sole purpose is to engage in securitization and asset-backed financing activities through the

issuance of beneficial interests and that entity is constrained from pledging the assets it receives, each beneficial interest holder

must have the right to sell or pledge their beneficial interests), and (iii) the Company may not have an option or obligation to

reacquire the assets.

If these sale requirements are met, the assets are removed from the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Financial

Condition. If the conditions for sale are not met, the transfer is considered to be a secured borrowing, the assets remain on

the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition and the sale proceeds are recognized as the Company’s liability. A legal

opinion on a sale generally is obtained for complex transactions or where the Company has continuing involvement with

the assets transferred or with the securitization entity. For a transfer to be eligible for sale accounting, that opinion must

state that the asset transfer would be considered a sale and that the assets transferred would not be consolidated with the

Company’s other assets in the event of the Company’s insolvency. See Note 9 for further discussion.

Securitizations

If the securitization entity is a VIE, the Company consolidates the VIE if it is the primary beneficiary (as discussed in

“Variable Interest Entities” above). For all other securitization entities determined not to be VIEs in which CGMHI

participates, consolidation is based on which party has voting control of the entity, giving consideration to removal and

liquidation rights in certain partnership structures. Only securitization entities controlled by CGMHI are consolidated.

Where the Company is not required to consolidate the securitization entity, the transfer of financial assets to the entity is

evaluated for sale accounting, as discussed in “Transfers of Financial Assets” above.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Interests in the securitized and sold assets may be retained in the form of subordinated or senior interest-only strips,

subordinated tranches and residuals. In the case of consolidated securitization entities, these retained interests are not

reported on the CGMHI’s Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition. Retained interests in non-consolidated mortgage

securitization trusts are classified as Trading account assets.

Foreign Currency Translation

Assets and liabilities of CGMHI’s foreign operations are translated from their respective functional currencies into U.S.

dollars using period-end spot foreign exchange rates. The effects of those translation adjustments are reported in

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI), a component of stockholder’s equity, net of any related tax

effects, until realized upon sale or substantial liquidation of the foreign entity, at which point such amounts are reclassified

into earnings. Revenues and expenses of CGMHI’s foreign operations are translated monthly from their respective

functional currencies into U.S. dollars at amounts that approximate weighted-average exchange rates.

For transactions that are denominated in a currency other than the functional currency, including transactions denominated

in the local currencies of foreign operations that use the U.S. dollar as their functional currency, the effects of changes in

exchange rates are primarily included in Principal transactions. Foreign operations in countries with highly inflationary

economies designate the U.S. dollar as their functional currency, with the effects of changes in exchange rates primarily

included in Other revenue.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents represents funds deposited with financial institutions.

Cash Segregated under Federal and Other Regulations

Certain U.S. and non-U.S. broker-dealer subsidiaries are subject to various securities and commodities regulations

promulgated by the regulatory and exchange authorities of the countries in which they operate. CGMHI’s broker-dealer

subsidiaries are required by their primary regulators, including the SEC, the Commodities Future Trading Commission and

the United Kingdom's Prudential Regulation Authority, to segregate cash to satisfy rules regarding the protection of

customer assets.

Trading Account Assets and Liabilities

Trading account assets include debt and marketable equity securities, derivatives in a receivable position, residual interests

in securitizations and physical commodities inventory. Trading account liabilities include securities sold, not yet purchased

(short positions) and derivatives in a net payable position.

Other than physical commodities inventory, all trading account assets and liabilities are carried at fair value. Revenues

generated from trading assets and trading liabilities are generally reported in Principal transactions and include realized

gains and losses as well as unrealized gains and losses resulting from changes in the fair value of such instruments. Interest

income on trading assets is recorded in Interest income reduced by interest expense on trading liabilities.

As part of its commodity trading activities, the Company trades various physical commodities including carbon emissions

credits, base metals, natural gas and oil and other refined products. The Company’s physical commodities inventory is carried

at the lower of cost or market value. Any gains and losses related to physical commodities inventory are reported in Principal

transactions. Realized gains and losses on hedged commodities inventories and sales of commodities inventory are included

in Principal transactions.

The Company manages its exposures to market movements outside of its trading activities through the use of derivative

financial products, including interest rate swaps and commodity futures. These end-user derivatives are carried at fair value

in Trading account assets and Trading account liabilities.

See Note 10 for a further discussion of the Company’s hedging and derivative activities.

Derivatives include interest rate, currency, equity, credit and commodity swap agreements, options, caps and floors,

warrants, and financial and commodity futures and forward contracts. Derivative asset and liability positions are presented

net by counterparty on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition when a valid master netting agreement exists

and the other conditions set out in ASC Topic 210-20, Balance Sheet—Offsetting, are met. See Note 10.

The Company uses a number of techniques to determine the fair value of trading assets and liabilities, which are described

in Note 12.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Accounting for Derivative Hedging

The Company accounts for its hedging activities in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. As a general rule,

hedge accounting is permitted where the Company is exposed to a particular risk, such as interes t rate or price risk, that

causes changes in the fair value of an asset or liability that may affect earnings. Derivative contracts hedging the risks

associated with changes in fair value are referred to as fair value hedges.

To qualify as an accounting hedge under the hedge accounting rules, a hedging relationship must be highly effective in

offsetting the risk designated as being hedged. The hedging relationship must be formally documented at inception,

detailing the particular risk management objective and strategy for the hedge. This includes the item and risk(s) being

hedged, the hedging instrument being used and how effectiveness will be assessed.

The effectiveness of these hedging relationships is evaluated at hedge inception and on an ongoing basis both on a

retrospective and prospective basis, typically using quantitative measures of correlation. Hedge effectiveness assessment

methodologies are performed in a similar manner for similar hedges, and are used consistently throughout the hedging

relationships.

Fair Value Hedges

Hedging of Benchmark Interest Rate Risk

CGMHI hedges exposure to changes in the fair value of fixed-rate long-term debt. For qualifying fair value hedges of

interest rate risk, the changes in the fair value of the derivative and the change in the fair value of the long-term debt are

presented within Interest expense.

Hedging of Commodity Price Risk

The Company hedges the change in fair value attributable to spot price movements in physical commodities inventories.

The hedging instrument is a futures contract to sell the underlying commodity. In this hedge, the change in the carrying

value of the hedged inventory is reflected in earnings, which offsets the change in the fair value of the futures contract that

is also reflected in earnings. Although the entire change in the fair value of the hedging instrument is recorded in earnings,

under certain hedge programs, CGMHI excludes changes in the fair value of the forward points (i.e., spot-forward

difference) of the futures contract from the assessment of hedge effectiveness, and they are generally reflected directly in

earnings over the life of the hedge. Under other hedge programs, CGMHI excludes changes in the fair value of forward

points from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and records them in Other comprehensive income (loss).

Cumulative Basis Adjustment

Upon electing to apply ASC 815 fair value hedge accounting, the carrying value of the hedged item is adjusted to reflect

the cumulative changes in the hedged risk. This cumulative basis adjustment becomes part of the carrying amount of the

hedged item until the hedged item is derecognized from the balance sheet.

Securities Borrowed and Securities Loaned

Securities borrowing and lending transactions do not constitute a sale of the underlying sec urities for accounting purposes

and are treated as collateralized financing transactions. Such transactions are recorded at the amount of proceeds advanced

or received plus accrued interest. As described in Note 13, the Company has elected to apply fair value accounting to a

number of securities borrowing and lending transactions. Fees received or paid for all securities borrowing and lending

transactions are recorded in Interest income or Interest expense at the contractually specified rate.

Where the conditions of ASC 210-20-45-1, Balance Sheet—Offsetting: Right of Setoff Conditions, are met, securities

borrowing and lending transactions are presented net on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition.

The Company monitors the fair value of securities borrowed or loaned on a daily basis and obtains or posts additional

collateral in order to maintain contractual margin protection.

As described in Note 12, the Company uses a discounted cash flow technique to determine the fair value of securities

lending and borrowing transactions carried at fair value.

Repurchase and Resale Agreements

Securities sold under agreements to repurchase (repos) and securities purchased under agreements to resell (reverse repos)

do not constitute a sale (or purchase) of the underlying securities for accounting purposes and are treated as collateralized

financing transactions. As described in Note 13, the Company has elected to apply fair value accounting to certain portions

of such transactions, with changes in fair value reported in earnings. Any transactions for which fair value accounting has

not been elected are recorded at the amount of cash advanced or received plus accrued interest. Irrespective of whether the

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Company has elected fair value accounting, interest paid or received on all repo and reverse repo transactions is recorded

in Interest expense or Interest income at the contractually specified rate.

Where the conditions of ASC 210-20-45-11, Balance Sheet—Offsetting: Repurchase and Reverse Repurchase Agreements,

are met, repos and reverse repos are presented net on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition.

The Company’s policy is to take possession of securities purchased under reverse repurchase agreements. The Company

monitors the fair value of securities subject to repurchase or resale on a daily basis and obtains or posts additional collateral

in order to maintain contractual margin protection.

As described in Note 12, the Company uses a discounted cash flow technique to determine the fair value of repo and reverse

repo transactions carried at fair value.

Allowances for Credit Losses (ACL)

The current expected credit losses methodology is based on relevant information about past events, including historical

experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectibility of the reported financial

asset balances.

Secured Financing Transactions

Most of CGMHI’s reverse repurchase agreements, securities borrowing arrangements and margin loans require that the

borrower continually adjust the amount of the collateral securing CGMHI’s interest, primarily resulting from changes in

the fair value of such collateral. In such arrangements, ACLs are recorded based only on the amount by which the asset’s

amortized cost basis exceeds the fair value of the collateral. No ACLs are recorded where the fair value of the collateral is

equal to or exceeds the asset’s amortized cost basis, as CGMHI does not expect to incur credit losses on such well-

collateralized exposures.

Brokerage Receivables and Brokerage Payables

The Company has receivables and payables for financial instruments sold to and purchased from brokers, dealers and

customers, which arise in the ordinary course of business. The Company is exposed to risk of loss from the inability of

brokers, dealers or customers to pay for purchases or to deliver the financial instruments sold, in which case the Company

would have to sell or purchase the financial instruments at prevailing market prices. Credit risk is reduced to the extent that

an exchange or clearing organization acts as a counterparty to the transaction and replaces the broker, dealer or customer

in question.

The Company seeks to protect itself from the risks associated with customer activities by requiring customers to maintain

margin collateral in compliance with regulatory and internal guidelines. Margin levels are monitored daily, and customers

deposit additional collateral as required. Where customers cannot meet collateral requirements, the Company may liquidate

sufficient underlying financial instruments to bring the customer into compliance with the required margin level.

Exposure to credit risk is impacted by market volatility, which may impair the ability of clients to satisfy their obligations

to the Company. Credit limits are established and closely monitored for customers and for brokers and dealers engaged in

forwards, futures and other transactions deemed to be credit sensitive. Brokerage receivables and Brokerage payables are

accounted for in accordance with the AICPA Accounting Guide for Brokers and Dealers in Securities as codified in ASC

940-320.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of acquisition cost over the fair value of net tangible and intangible assets acquired in a business

combination. Goodwill is subject to annual impairment testing and interim assessments between annual tests if an event occurs

or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount.

The Company has an option to assess qualitative factors to determine if it is necessary to perform the goodwill impairment

test. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, the Company determines that it is not more-likely-than-not that

the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, no further testing is necessary. If, however, the Company

determines that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the

Company must perform the quantitative test. The quantitative test requires a comparison of the fair value of an individual

reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the fair value of a reporting unit is in excess of the carrying value,

the related goodwill is considered not impaired and no further analysis is necessary. If the carrying value of a reporting unit

exceeds the fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess, limited to the total amount of

goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The Company has an unconditional option to bypass the qualitative assessment for any reporting unit in any reporting period

and proceed directly to the quantitative test. The Company performed its annual goodwill impairment test, which included

lower than expected operating results through the first three quarters of 2024, as of October 1, 2024, which resulted in no

impairment.

While no impairment existed as of October 1, 2024, the Company continued to monitor operating and industry trends through

the remainder of the year. After the annual test was completed, the Company continued to experience lower than expected

operating results and anticipated that future performance would only moderately improve. As a result, the Company updated

its long-term expectation and year-end assumptions for the businesses in the coming years. This was identified as a triggering

event for purposes of goodwill impairment testing. Consistent with the requirements of ASC 350, an interim goodwill

impairment test was performed resulting in a full goodwill impairment charge of $2.2 billion as of December 31, 2024.

The interim goodwill impairment test was performed using a combination of the income approach and market approach to

determine the fair value of its reporting unit.

Under the market approach, the Company estimated fair value by comparing the business to similar businesses or guideline

companies whose securities are actively traded in public markets. Under the income approach, Citi used a discounted cash

flow (DCF) model in which cash flows anticipated over several periods, plus a terminal value at the end of that time horizon,

are discounted to their present value using an appropriate rate that is commensurate with the risk inherent within the reporting

unit.

The key assumptions used to determine the fair value of the Company’s reporting unit consisted primarily of significant

unobservable inputs (Level 3 fair value inputs), including discount rates, estimated cash flows, growth rates, earnings multiples

and/or transaction multiples of similar businesses or guideline public companies. The DCF method employs a capital asset

pricing model in estimating the discount rate based on several factors including market interest rates, and includes adjustments

for market risk and company specific risk. Estimated cash flows are based on internally developed estimates and the growth

rates are based on industry knowledge and historical performance.

Leases

CGMHI enters into operating lease agreements to obtain rights to use premises and equipment for its business operations.

Lease liabilities and right-of-use (ROU) assets are recognized when CGMHI enters into these leases and represent

CGMHI’s obligations and rights to use these assets over the period of the leases, and may be remeasured for certain

modifications. These leases may contain renewal and extension options and early termination features; however, these

options do not impact the lease term unless the Company is reasonably certain that it will exercise the options. In certain

instances, the Company may have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components. In these instances, the Company

has elected to apply the practical expedient and account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component

for all leases.

At lease commencement, lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the remaining lease payments and

discounted using the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. ROU assets initially equal the lease liability, adjusted for any

lease payments made prior to lease commencement and for any lease incentives.

ROU assets and lease liabilities are included in Other assets and Other liabilities, respectively. All leases are recorded on

the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition except those with an initial term of less than 12 months, for which the

Company has made the short-term lease election. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term

and is recorded in Premises and equipment expense in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Variable lease costs are

recognized in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred.

Debt

Short-term borrowings and Long-term debt are accounted for at amortized cost, except where the Company has elected to

report the debt instruments (including certain structured notes) at fair value. Changes in the fair value of debt instruments

carried at fair value under a fair value election are recorded in Principal transactions, other than adjustments related to

changes in the Company’s credit, which are recorded in Other comprehensive income (loss).

Instrument-Specific Credit Risk

The Company presents separately in AOCI the portion of the total change in the fair value of a liability resulting from a

change in the instrument-specific credit risk, when management has elected to measure the liability at fair value in

accordance with the fair value option for financial instruments. Accordingly, the change in fair value of liabilities for which

the fair value option was elected related to changes in the Company’s own credit spreads is presented in AOCI.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Employee Benefits Expense

Employee benefits expense includes current service costs of pension and other postretirement benefit plans (which are

accrued on a current basis), contributions and unrestricted awards under other employee plans, the amortization of restricted

stock awards and costs of other employee benefits. Benefits earned during the year are reported in Compensation and

benefits expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. See Note 4.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes compensation expense related to Citigroup stock awards over the requisite service period,

generally based on the instruments’ grant-date fair value, reduced by actual forfeitures as they occur. Compensation cost

related to awards granted to employees who meet certain age plus years-of-service requirements (retirement-eligible

employees) is accrued in the year prior to the grant date in the same manner as the accrual for cash incentive compensation.

Certain stock awards with performance conditions or certain clawback provisions are subject to variable accounting,

pursuant to which the associated compensation expense fluctuates with changes in Citigroup’s common stock price. See

Note 4.

Restructuring

As previously disclosed, CGMHI is pursuing various initiatives to simplify the Company and further align its organizational

structure with its business strategy. As part of its overall simplification initiatives, in 2023, Citigroup eliminated certain

business layers, exited certain institutional business lines and consolidated its regional structure, creating one international

group, while centralizing client capabilities and streamlining its global staff functions.

CGMHI has recorded net restructuring charges of approximately $176 million to date. These charges related to severance

costs associated with actual headcount reductions (as well as those that were probable and could be reasonably estimated).

Transactional and Tax Charges

Transactional and tax charges, which largely comprises costs that are driven by revenues and transaction volumes, is

primarily composed of brokerage exchange and clearance costs, exchange fees, regulatory memberships and certain

indirect, non-income tax payments that are not recorded in Provision (benefit) for income taxes in the Consolidated

Statement of Operations.

Income Taxes

The Company is subject to the income tax laws of the U.S. and its states and municipalities, as well as the non-U.S.

jurisdictions in which it operates. These tax laws are complex and may be subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer

and the relevant governmental taxing authorities. In establishing a provision for income tax expense, the Company must

make judgments and interpretations about these tax laws. The Company must also make estimates about when in the future

certain items will affect taxable income in the various tax jurisdictions, both domestic and foreign.

Disputes over interpretations of the tax laws may be subject to review and adjudication by the court systems of the various

tax jurisdictions, or may be settled with the taxing authority upon examination or audit. The Company treats interest and

penalties on income taxes as a component of Provision (benefit) for income taxes.

Deferred taxes are recorded for the future consequences of events that have been, or will be, recognized in financial

statements or tax returns in different periods, based upon enacted tax laws and rates. Deferred tax assets are recognized

subject to management’s judgment about whether realization is more-likely-than-not. ASC 740, Income Taxes, sets out a

consistent framework to determine the appropriate level of tax reserves to maintain for uncertain tax positions. This

interpretation uses a two-step approach wherein a tax benefit is recognized if a position is more-likely-than-not to be

sustained. The amount of the benefit is then measured to be the highest tax benefit that is more than 50% likely to be

realized. ASC 740 also sets out disclosure requirements to enhance transparency of an entity’s tax reserves.

See Note 5 for a further description of the Company’s tax provision and related income tax assets and liabilities.

Investment Banking

Investment banking fees are substantially composed of underwriting and advisory revenues. Such fees are recognized at

the point in time when CGMHI’s performance under the terms of a contractual arrangement is completed, which is typically

at the closing of a transaction. Reimbursed expenses related to these transactions are recorded as revenue and are included

within investment banking fees. In certain instances for advisory contracts, CGMHI will receive amounts in advance of the

deal’s closing. In these instances, the amounts received will be recognized as a liability and not recognized in revenue until

the transaction closes. For the periods presented, the contract liability amount was negligible.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Out-of-pocket expenses associated with underwriting activity are deferred and recognized at the time the related revenue

is recognized, while out-of-pocket expenses associated with advisory arrangements are expensed as incurred. In general,

expenses incurred related to investment banking transactions, whether consummated or not, are recorded in Other operating

and administrative expenses. The Company has determined that it acts as principal in the majority of these transactions

and therefore presents expenses gross within Other operating and administrative expenses.

Principal Transactions

CGMHI’s Principal transactions revenues are recognized in income on a trade-date basis and consist of realized and

unrealized gains and losses from trading activities. See Note 3 for details of CGMHI’s Principal transactions revenue.

Commissions and Fees

Commissions and fees revenue primarily include brokerage commissions and fees from the following: executing transactions

for clients on exchanges and over-the-counter markets; sales of mutual funds and other annuity products; and assisting clients

in clearing transactions, providing brokerage services and other such activities. Brokerage commissions are recognized in

Commissions and fees at the point in time the associated service is fulfilled, generally on the trade execution date. Certain

costs paid to third-party clearing houses and exchanges are recorded net against commission revenue, as the Company is an

agent for those services. Sales of certain investment products include a portion of variable consideration associated with the

underlying product. In these instances, a portion of the revenue associated with the sale of the product is not recognized until

the variable consideration becomes fixed and determinable. The Company recognized $135 million, $121 million and $131

million of revenue related to such variable consideration for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

These amounts primarily relate to performance obligations satisfied in prior periods.

Fiduciary Fees

Fiduciary fees revenue consist of trust services and investment management services. As an escrow agent, CGMHI

receives, safekeeps, services and manages clients’ escrowed assets, such as cash, securities, property (including intellectua l

property), contracts or other collateral. CGMHI performs its escrow agent duties by safekeeping the assets during the

specified time period agreed upon by all parties and therefore earns its revenue evenly during the contract duration.

Investment management services consist of managing assets on behalf of CGMHI’s retail and institutional clients. Revenue

from these services primarily consists of asset-based fees for advisory accounts, which are based on the market value of

the client’s assets and recognized monthly, when the market value is fixed. In some instances, the Company contracts with

third-party advisors and with third-party custodians. The Company has determined that it acts as principal in the majority

of these transactions and therefore presents the amounts paid to third parties gross within Transactional and tax charges.

Related Party Transactions

The Company has related party transactions with certain of its subsidiaries and affiliates. These transactions, which are

primarily short-term in nature, include cash accounts, collateralized financing transactions, margin accounts, derivative

transactions, charges for operational support and the borrowing and lending of funds, and are entered into in the ordinary

course of business. See Note 16 for details on the Company’s related party transactions.

ACCOUNTING CHANGES

Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2023-

07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, intended to improve reportable

segments disclosure requirements primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The ASU

includes a requirement to disclose significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision

maker (CODM) and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss, the title and position of the CODM, an

explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and

deciding how to allocate resources, and all segments’ profit or loss and assets disclosures currently required annually by Topic

280 along with those introduced by the ASU to be reported on an interim basis. The amendments also clarified that public

entities are not precluded from reporting additional measures of a segment’s profit or loss that are regularly used by the

CODM.

CGMHI adopted the ASU on a retrospective basis for its annual period ending December 31, 2024 and the ASU for the

interim period beginning January 1, 2025. See Note 2 for further details.

Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity

Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions. The ASU was issued to address diversity in practice whereby certain

entities included the impact of contractual restrictions when valuing equity securities, and it clarifies that a contractual

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

restriction on the sale of an equity security should not be considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and,

therefore, should not be considered in measuring fair value. The ASU also includes requirements for entities to disclose the

fair value of equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions, the nature and remaining duration of the restrictions and

the circumstances that could cause a lapse in the restrictions.

CGMHI adopted the ASU on January 1, 2024, which did not impact the financial statements of the Company.

Reference Rate Reform

On December 21, 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date

of Topic 848, which extends the period of time preparers can utilize the reference rate reform relief guidance. In 2020, the

FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform

on Financial Reporting, which provides optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the

effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. In 2021, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) delayed the

intended cessation date of certain tenors of USD LIBOR to June 30, 2023. To ensure that the relief in Topic 848 covers the

period of time during which a significant number of modifications may take place, the ASU defers the sunset date of Topic

848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. The extension allows CGMHI to transition its remaining contracts and

maintain hedge accounting. The ASU was adopted by CGMHI upon issuance and did not impact financial results in 2022.

Multiple Macroeconomic Scenarios-Based ACL Approach

During the second quarter of 2022, the Company refined its ACL methodology to utilize multiple macroeconomic scenarios

to estimate its allowance for credit losses. The ACL was previously estimated using a combination of a single base-case

forecast scenario as part of its quantitative component and a component of its qualitative management adjustment that reflects

economic uncertainty from downside macroeconomic scenarios. As a result of this change, the Company now explicitly

incorporates multiple macroeconomic scenarios—base, upside, and downside—and associated probabilities in the quantitative

component when estimating its ACL, while still retaining certain of its qualitative management adjustments.

This refinement represents a “change in accounting estimate” under ASC Topic 250, Accounting Changes and Error

Corrections, with prospective application beginning in the period of change. This change in accounting estimate did not have

a material impact on CGMHI.

FUTURE ACCOUNTING CHANGES

Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense

Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40), to improve the disclosures of expenses by requiring public business entities

to provide further disaggregation of relevant expense captions (e.g., employee compensation) in a separate note to the financial

statements, a qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately

disaggregated quantitatively, and the total amount of selling expenses and, in an annual reporting period, an entity’s definition

of selling expenses.

The transition method is prospective with the retrospective method permitted, and the ASU will be effective for CGMHI

for its annual period ending December 31, 2027 and interim periods for the interim period beginning January 1, 2028.

CGMHI is currently evaluating the impact on its disclosures.

Accounting for and Disclosure of Crypto Assets

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-08, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Crypto Assets (Subtopic 350-60):

Accounting for and Disclosure of Crypto Assets, intended to improve the accounting for certain crypto assets by requiring an

entity to measure those assets at fair value each reporting period, with changes in fair value recognized in net income. The

amendments also improve the information provided to investors about an entity’s crypto asset holdings by requiring disclosure

about significant holdings, contractual sale restrictions and changes during the reporting period. The guidance is effective for

fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and interim periods within those fiscal years with early adoption permitted.

CGMHI does not hold any crypto assets within the scope of the guidance.

Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures,

intended to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. This guidance requires that public

business entities disclose on an annual basis a tabular rate reconciliation in eight specific categories disaggregated by nature

and for foreign tax effects by each jurisdiction that meets a 5% of pretax income multiplied by the applicable statutory tax rate

or greater threshold annually. The eight categories include state and local income taxes, net of federal income tax effect;

foreign tax effects; enactment of new tax laws; enactment of new tax credits; effect of cross-border tax laws; valuation

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

allowances; nontaxable items and nondeductible items; and changes in unrecognized tax benefits. Additional disclosures

include qualitative description of the state and local jurisdictions that contribute to the majority (greater than 50%) of the

effect of the state and local income tax category and explanation of the nature and effect of changes in individual reconciling

items. The guidance also requires entities annually to disclose income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by

federal, state and foreign taxes and by jurisdiction identified based on the same 5% quantitative threshold.

The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The transition method is prospective with the

retrospective method permitted. CGMHI plans to adopt the ASU for the annual reporting period beginning on January 1,

2025, and is currently evaluating the impact of the ASU on disclosures.

2. OPERATING SEGMENT

CGMHI has identified its Chief Executive Officer (CEO) as the CODM. The CODM uses Net income (loss) as the performance

measure to evaluate the results of the business and manage the Company. The Company’s operations constitute a single

operating segment and therefore, a single reportable segment, because the CODM manages the business activities using

information of the Company as a whole. The Company's results are presented on the face of its Consolidated Statement of

Operations and Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition.

CGMHI provides corporate, institutional, and public sector clients with a full range of brokerage products and services,

including fixed income and equity sales and trading, foreign exchange, prime brokerage, derivative services, equity and fixed

income research, investment banking and advisory services.

CGMHI’s investment banking and advisory services supports client capital-raising needs to help strengthen and grow their

businesses, including equity and debt capital markets-related strategic financing solutions, as well as advisory services related

to mergers and acquisitions, divestitures, restructurings and corporate defense activities.

CGMHI provides financial services to a range of client segments including affluent, high net worth and ultra-high net worth

clients. CGMHI offers a broad range of brokerage and investment advisory products and other services to retail clients.

The Company derived more than 10 percent of its net revenues from Citigroup affiliates for the years ended December 31,

2024, 2023 and 2022. See Note 16 for additional information regarding CGMHI’s related party transactions.

The accounting policies of the reportable operating segment are the same as those disclosed in Note 1.

Performance by Geographic Area

CGMHI’s operations are highly integrated, and estimates and subjective assumptions have been made to apportion revenue

between North America and international operations.

The Company defines international activities for purposes of this footnote presentation as business transactions that involve

clients that reside outside of North America, and the information presented below is based on managed geography (the booking

location that manages the client relationship), which is predominantly the domicile of the client. However, many of the

Company’s North America operations serve international businesses.

The following table presents revenues net of interest expense between North America and international areas:

In millions of dollars 2024 2023 2022

North America

(1)

6,023$ 5,493$ 5,532$

International

(2)

5,544 5,155 5,152

Total CGMHI 11,567$ 10,648$ 10,684$

(1) Primarily reflects the U.S.

(2) International represents the summation of revenues in International businesses.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

3. PRINCIPAL TRANSACTIONS

Principal transactions revenue consists of realized and unrealized gains and losses from trading activities. Trading

activities include revenues from fixed income, equities, credit and commodities products and foreign exchange transactions

that are managed on a portfolio basis and characterized below based on the primary risk managed by each trading desk (as

such, the trading desks can be periodically reorganized and thus the risk categories). Not included in the table below is the

impact of net interest income related to trading activities, which is an integral part of trading activities’ profitability.

Principal transactions include CVA (credit valuation adjustments) and FVA (funding valuation adjustments) on over-the-

counter derivatives. These adjustments are discussed further in Note 12.

In certain transactions, CGMHI incurs fees and presents these fees paid to third parties in operating expenses. The following

table presents Principal transactions revenue:

In millions of dollars 2024 2023 2022

Interest rate risks

(1)

74$ 624$ 1,336$

Credit products and risks

(2)

891 1,038 426

Commodity and other risks

(3)

899 953 1,405

Equity risks

(4)

769 (135) 252

Foreign exchange risks

(5)

2 (13) 37

Total principal transactions revenue 2,635$ 2,467$ 3,456$

(1) Includes revenues from government securities, municipal securities, mortgage securities and other debt instruments. Also includes spot and

forward trading of currencies and over-the-counter (OTC) currency options, options on fixed income securities, interest rate swaps, currency

swaps, swap options, caps and floors, financial futures, OTC options and forward contracts on fixed income securities.

(2) Includes revenues from corporate debt, mortgage securities, single name and index credit default swaps, and structured credit products.

(3) Primarily includes revenues from crude oil, refined oil products, natural gas and other commodities trades.

(4) Includes revenues from common, preferred and convertible preferred stock, convertible corporate debt, equity -linked notes and exchange-

traded and OTC equity options and warrants.

(5) Includes revenues from foreign exchange spot, forward, option and swap contracts, as well as foreign currency translation gains and losses.

4. INCENTIVE PLANS AND EMPLOYEE BENEFITS

Discretionary Annual Incentive Awards

Citigroup grants immediate cash bonus payments and various forms of immediate and deferred awards as part of its

discretionary annual incentive award program involving a large segment of Citigroup’s employees worldwide, including

employees of CGMHI.

Discretionary annual incentive awards are generally awarded in the first quarter of the year based on the previous year’s

performance. Awards valued at less than U.S. $75,000 (or the local currency equivalent) are generally paid entirely in the

form of an immediate cash bonus. Pursuant to Citigroup policy and/or regulatory requirements, certain employees are subject

to mandatory deferrals of incentive pay and generally receive 15%–60% of their awards in the form of deferred stock or

deferred cash stock units. Discretionary annual incentive awards to certain employees in the European Union (EU) are subject

to deferral requirements regardless of the total award value, with at least 50% of the immediate incentive delivered in the form

of a stock payment award subject to a restriction on sale or transfer (generally, for 12 months).

For deferred incentive awards granted in 2022 and after, Citigroup changed the annual deferred compensation structure

from granting deferred cash awards for certain regulated employees to deferred stock awards. Certain employees located

in countries that have regulations or tax advantages for offering deferred cash or deferred cash stock units received those

types of awards as a part of their annual incentive compensation rather than deferred stock.

Subject to certain exceptions (principally, for retirement-eligible employees), continuous employment within Citigroup is

required to vest in deferred annual incentive awards. Post employment vesting by retirement-eligible employees and

participants who meet other conditions is generally conditioned upon their compliance with certain restrictions during the

remaining vesting period.

Generally, the deferred awards vest in equal annual installments over four years. Vested stock awards are delivered in

shares of common stock. Deferred cash awards are payable in cash and, except as prohibited by applicable regulatory

guidance, earn a fixed notional rate of interest that is paid only if and when the underlying principal award amount vests.

Deferred cash stock unit awards are payable in cash at the vesting value of the underlying stock. The value of each deferred

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

stock unit is equal to one share of Citigroup stock, and the award will fluctuate with changes in the stock price. Recipients

of deferred stock awards and deferred cash stock unit awards, however, may, except as prohibited by applicable regulatory

guidance, be entitled to receive or accrue dividend-equivalent payments during the vesting period. Generally, in the EU,

vested shares are subject to a restriction on sale or transfer after vesting, and vested deferred cash awards and deferred cash

stock units are subject to hold back (generally, for 6 or 12 months based on award type).

Stock awards, deferred cash stock units and deferred cash awards are subject to one or more cancellation and clawback

provisions that apply in certain circumstances, including gross misconduct and in the circumstances required by SEC rule

10D-1.

Outstanding (Unvested) Stock Awards

A summary of the status of unvested stock awards granted as discretionary annual incentive or sign-on and replacement

stock awards to employees of CGMHI for each respective year end is presented below:

Weighted-average

grant date fair

Unvested stock awards Shares value per share

Unvested at December 31, 2023

32,349,511 $ 55.95

Granted

(1)

13,765,416 52.30

Canceled (1,278,501) 55.64

Vested

(2)

(10,225,084) 59.05

Unvested at December 31, 2024 34,611,342 $ 53.60

(1) The weighted-average fair value of the shares granted during 2023 was $48.76.

(2) The total fair value of stock awards that vested during the years ending 2024 and 2023

was $537 million and $404 million, respectively.

Total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock awards for CGMHI employees was $570 million at

December 31, 2024. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.6 years.

Performance Share Units

Certain senior executives were awarded performance share units (PSUs) every February from 2021 to 2024, for

performance in the year prior to the award date. Each award referenced two forward-looking three-year Citigroup Inc.

performance metrics. In each year an award was granted, the metrics were equally weighted. For PSUs awarded in 2021,

2022 and 2023, the metrics were average return on tangible common equity and cumulative tangible book value per share.

For PSUs awarded in 2024, the metrics were weighted-average return on tangible common equity and cumulative tangible

book value per share. The award is settled solely in cash after the end of each performance period.

For all award years, if the total Citigroup shareholder return is negative over the three-year performance period, executives

may earn no more than 100% of the target PSUs, regardless of the extent to which Citigroup outperforms against

performance goals and/or peer firms. The number of PSUs ultimately earned could vary from zero, if performance goals

are not met, to as much as 150% of target, if performance goals are meaningfully exceeded. The reported financial metrics

during the performance period are adjusted to reflect any mandatory equitable adjustments as required under the applicable

award agreements for unusual and non-recurring items as presented to and approved by the Compensation, Performance

Management and Culture (CPC) Committee.

For all award years, the value of each PSU is equal to the value of one share of Citigroup common stock. Dividend

equivalents are forfeitable, accrued and paid on the number of earned PSUs after the end of the performance period.

PSUs are subject to variable accounting, pursuant to which the associated value of the award will fluctuate with changes

in Citigroup’s stock price and the attainment of the specified performance goals for each award. The value of the award,

subject to the performance goals and taking into account any mandatory equitable adjustments as per the terms of the award

agreement, is estimated using a simulation model that incorporates multiple valuation assumptions, including the

probability of achieving the specified performance goals of each award. The risk-free rate used in the model is based on

the applicable U.S. Treasury yield curve. Other significant assumptions for the awards are as follows:

Valuation assumptions—weighted average 2024 2023

Expected volatility

26.82% 35.97%

Expected dividend yield

3.84 4.13

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

A summary of the performance share unit activity for 2024 is presented below:

Performance share units Units

Outstanding, beginning of year

132,603

Granted

398,786

Canceled —

Payments

(1)

—

Outstanding, end of year 531,389

(1) No payments were processed for CGMHI employees under this program in 2024.

Transformation Program

In order to provide an incentive for select employees to effectively execute Citigroup’s transformation program, in August

2021 the Personnel and Compensation (P&C) Committee of Citigroup’s Board of Directors, the predecessor of the

Compensation, Performance Management and Culture (CPC) Committee of Citigroup’s Board of Directors, approved a

program for the select employees to earn additional compensation based on the achievement of Citigroup’s transformation

goals from August 2021 through December 2024 and satisfaction of other conditions. Performance under the program is

divided into three consecutive periods, ending on December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024. The awards are subject to variable

accounting, pursuant to which the associated value of the award will fluctuate with the attainment of the performance

conditions for each tranche and changes to Citigroup’s stock price for the third tranche. Payment for each period will be in

cash, in a lump sum, with the third payment indexed to changes in the value of Citigroup’s common stock from the service

inception date through the payment date. Earnings generally will be based on collective performance with respect to

Citigroup’s transformation goals and will be evaluated and approved by the CPC Committee on an annual basis.

Payments in the event of any category of employment termination or change in job title or employment status are subject

to Citigroup’s discretion. Cancellation and clawback are provided for in the event of misconduct and certain other

circumstances. The program applies to senior leaders, other than the Citigroup CEO, critical to helping deliver a successful

transformation with the value of the awards varying based on individual compensation levels.

Other Variable Incentive Compensation

Employees of CGMHI participate in various incentive plans globally that are used to motivate and reward performance

primarily in the areas of sales, operational excellence and customer satisfaction. Participation in these plans is generally

limited to employees who are not eligible for discretionary annual incentive awards. Other forms of variable compensation

include commissions paid to financial advisors.

Additional Information

Except for awards subject to variable accounting, the total expense recognized for stock awards represents the grant date

fair value of such awards, which is generally recognized as a charge to income ratably over the vesting period, other than

for awards to retirement-eligible employees and immediately vested awards. Whenever awards are granted or are expected

to be granted to employees who are, or are expected to be while the awards are outstanding, retirement eligible, the charge

to income is accelerated based on when the applicable conditions for retirement eligibility were or will be met. If the

employee is retirement eligible on the grant date, or the award is vested at the grant date, the Company recognizes the

expense each year equal to the grant date fair value of the awards that it estimates will be granted in the following year.

Recipients of Citigroup stock awards generally do not have any stockholder rights until shares are delivered upon vesting.

Recipients of stock-settled awards and other vested stock awards subject to a sale-restriction period are generally entitled

to vote the shares in their award and receive dividends on such shares during the sale-restriction period. Once a stock award

vests, the shares delivered to the participant are freely transferable, unless they are subject to a restriction on sale or transfer

for a specified period.

For a discussion of Citigroup’s Incentive Plans, which includes CGMHI, see Note 7 in the Citigroup 2024 Form 10-K.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Incentive Compensation Cost

The following table presents components of CGMHI compensation expense, relating to the incentive compensation

programs described above:

In millions of dollars 2024 2023 2022

Charges for estimated awards to retirement-eligible employees

$ 296 $ 275 $ 346

Amortization of deferred cash awards, deferred cash

stock units and performance stock units

64 139 212

Immediately vested stock award expense

(1)

71 71 57

Amortization of restricted and deferred stock awards

(2)

365 381 299

Other variable incentive compensation

159 109 88

Total

(3)

$ 955 $ 975 $ 1,002

(1) Represents expense for immediately vested stock awards that generally were stock payments in lieu of cash

compensation. The expense is generally accrued as cash incentive compensation in the year prior to grant.

(2) All periods include amortization expense for all unvested awards to non-retirement-eligible employees.

(3) CGMHI did not capitalize any stock-based compensation costs in 2024.

Pension, Postretirement, Post Employment and Defined Contribution Plans

The Company participates in several non-contributory defined benefit pension plans sponsored by Citigroup Inc. covering

certain U.S. employees and has various defined benefit pension and termination indemnity plans covering employees

outside the U.S.

Citigroup’s U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan was frozen effective January 1, 2008 for most employees.

Accordingly, no additional compensation-based contributions have been credited to the cash balance portion of the plan

for existing plan participants after 2007. However, certain employees covered under the prior final pay plan formula

continue to accrue benefits. The Company also participates in postretirement health care and life insurance benefits offered

by Citigroup Inc. to certain eligible U.S. retired employees, as well as to certain eligible employees outside the U.S.

The Company also participates in a number of non-contributory, nonqualified pension plans. These plans, which are

unfunded, provide supplemental defined pension benefits to certain U.S. employees. With the exception of certain

employees covered under the prior final pay plan formula, the benefits under these plans were frozen in prior years.

Citigroup sponsors U.S. post employment plans that provide income continuation and health and welfare benefits to certain

eligible U.S. employees on long-term disability.

The Company participates in defined contribution plans in the U.S. and in certain non-U.S. locations, all of which are

administered in accordance with local laws. The most significant defined contribution plan is the Citi Retirement Savings

Plan sponsored by Citigroup in the U.S.

Under the Citi Retirement Savings Plan, eligible U.S. employees received matching contributions of up to 6% of their

eligible compensation for 2024 and 2023, subject to statutory limits. In addition, for eligible employees whose eligible

compensation is $100,000 or less, a fixed contribution of up to 2% of eligible compensation is provided. All Company

contributions are invested according to participants’ individual elections.

The Company’s allocated pretax expense associated with the Citigroup pension, postretirement, post employment and

defined contribution plans amounted to approximately $179 million, $184 million, and $161 million for the years ended

December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Health Care and Life Insurance Plans

The Company, through Citigroup, offers certain health care and life insurance benefits to its employees. The Company’s

allocated share of the related pretax expense associated with Citigroup health care and life insurance benefits amounted to

approximately $93 million, $113 million, and $104 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022,

respectively.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

5. INCOME TAXES

The Company’s U.S. federal, state and local income taxes, and state and local unitary deferred taxes, are determined based

on an income tax sharing agreement with Citigroup. Under the tax sharing agreement, the Company settles its current tax

liability with Citigroup throughout the year, except for any tax liabilities expected to be payable as a separate taxpayer.

The Company is included in the consolidated U.S. federal income tax return and unitary and combined state returns of

Citigroup and combined subsidiaries. The Company’s federal income taxes are calculated on a modified separate return

method. Under this method, the Company is assumed to file a separate tax return, modified under the tax sharing agreement,

with the taxing authority, thereby reporting its taxable income or loss and paying the applicable tax or receiving the

appropriate refund from Citigroup Inc. Under the income tax sharing agreement, the Company’s unitary state and local

taxes are calculated based on the Company’s contributions to the state apportionment factors, which may be a function of

state gross receipts, property and/or payroll depending on the state.

The apportionment of state and local taxes related to certain jurisdictions includes income tax allocations of items reflecte d

in Other comprehensive income (loss) (OCI) by Citigroup, such as unrealized gains and losses on debt securities, benefit

plan liability adjustments and changes in foreign currency translation adjustments.

Income Tax Provision

Details of the Company’s income tax provision are presented below:

In millions of dollars 2024 2023 2022

Current tax provision (benefit):

Federal (39)$ (147)$ (42)$

Non-U.S. 330 54 168

State and local (153) (100) 43

Total current tax provision 138 (193) 169

Deferred tax provision (benefit):

Federal (273) (122) 30

Non-U.S. (39) 15 12

State and local 254 255 (494)

Total deferred tax provision (benefit) (58) 148 (452)

Provision (benefit) for income taxes 80 (45) (283)

Income tax expense (benefit) reported in stockholder's equity related to:

Income tax allocations from Citigroup of items

reflected in Other comprehensive income (28) (100) 102

Income taxes 52$ (145)$ (181)$

The Company paid (received) taxes of $(152) million, $225 million and $363 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had federal, state and local and foreign income taxes receivable in the amount of

$867 million.

Tax Rate

The reconciliation of the federal statutory income tax rate to the Company’s effective income tax rate applicable to income

(before the cumulative effect of accounting changes) for each of the periods indicated is as follows:

2024 2023 2022

Federal statutory rate 21% 21% 21%

State and local income taxes, net of federal benefit (6) (15) 83

Goodwill impairment (15) — —

Consolidated VIEs (5) (5) (13)

Non-U.S. income tax rate differential (1) (4) (22)

Tax-advantaged investments 1 1 5

Effect of tax law changes 1 4 (3)

Tax audit resolutions — 2 —

Other, net (1) — (7)

Effective income tax rate (5)% 4% 64%

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Deferred Income Taxes

Deferred income taxes at December 31 related to the following:

In millions of dollars 2024 2023

Deferred tax assets

Tax credit and net operating loss carry-forwards 1,461$ 1,709$

Investments 670 622

Allocated deferred state taxes 556 625

Fixed assets and leases 422 373

Deferred compensation and employee benefits 415 458

U.S. tax on non-U.S. earnings 280 351

Debt issuances 101 45

Restructuring and settlement reserves 55 34

Credit loss deduction 7 12

Other deferred tax assets 121 111

Gross deferred tax assets 4,088 4,340

Valuation allowance 295 374

Deferred tax assets after valuation allowance 3,793 3,966

Deferred tax liabilities

Federal impact on state taxes (410) (452)

Intangibles (9) (208)

Intercompany debt underwriting fees (60) (57)

Non-U.S. withholding taxes (58) (62)

Other deferred tax liabilities (13) (13)

Gross deferred tax liabilities (550) (792)

Net deferred tax assets 3,243$ 3,174$

Unrecognized Tax Benefits

The following is a rollforward of the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits:

In millions of dollars 2024 2023 2022

Total unrecognized tax benefits at January 1

$ 37 $ 54 $ 57

Net amount of increases for current year's tax positions

1 1 1

Gross amount of increases for prior years' tax positions

— 19 3

Gross amount of decreases for prior years' tax positions

— (36) (5)

Amounts of decreases relating to settlements

— — (1)

Foreign exchange, acquisitions and dispositions

— (1) (1)

Total unrecognized tax benefits at December 31 $ 38 $ 37 $ 54

The portions of the total unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 that, if recognized, would affect

CGMHI’s tax expense are $34 million, $33 million and $40 million, respectively.

Interest and penalties (not included in unrecognized tax benefits above) are a component of Provision (benefit) for income

taxes.

In millions of dollars Pretax Net of tax Pretax Net of tax Pretax Net of tax

Total interest and penalties on the Consolidated

Statement of Financial Condition at January 1 $ 7 $ 6 $ 1 $ 1 $ 2 $ 2

Total interest and penalties in the Consolidated

Statement of Income 1 1 7 5 1 —

Total interest and penalties on the Consolidated

Statement of Financial Condition at December 31 9 7 7 6 1 1

2024

2023

2022

As of December 31, 2024, the Company was under audit by the Internal Revenue Service and other major taxing

jurisdictions around the world. It is thus reasonably possible that significant changes in the gross balance of unrecognized

tax benefits may occur within the next 12 months, although the Company does not expect such audits to result in amounts

that would cause a significant change to its effective tax rate.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following are the major tax jurisdictions in which the Company and its affiliates operate and the earliest tax year

subject to examination:

Jurisdiction Tax year

United States

2016

New York State and City 2012

California 2016

United Kingdom 2016

Non-U.S. Earnings

Non-U.S. pretax earnings approximated $951 million in 2024, $55 million in 2023 and $531 million in 2022. As a U.S.

corporation, CGMHI and its U.S. subsidiaries are currently subject to U.S. taxation on all non-U.S. pretax earnings of non-

U.S. branches. Beginning in 2018, there is a separate foreign tax credit (FTC) basket for branches. Also, dividends from a

non-U.S. subsidiary or affiliate are effectively exempt from U.S. taxation. The Company provides income taxes on the

book over tax basis differences of non-U.S. subsidiaries except to the extent that such differences are indefinitely reinvested

outside the U.S.

At December 31, 2024, there are no basis differences of non-U.S. entities that was indefinitely invested. Although no U.S.

income taxes would need to be provided, withholding taxes of $74 million would have to be provided if unrepatriated

earnings were distributed.

Deferred Tax Assets

At December 31, 2024, the Company had a valuation allowance of $295 million, a decrease of $80 million from the balance

at December 31, 2023. The decrease in the valuation allowance balance mainly relates to the U.S. residual DTAs on the

non-U.S. branches. The December 31, 2024 valuation allowance is composed of valuation allowances of $271 million on

its U.S. residual DTA related to its non-U.S. branches, $5 million on its FTC carry-forwards, $18 million on state net

operating loss carry-forwards, and $1 million on its non-U.S. DTAs. The valuation allowance against U.S. residual DTAs

on non-U.S. branches and FTCs results from the impact of the lower tax rate and the new separate FTC basket for non -

U.S. branches, as well as the diminished ability under Tax Reform to generate income from sources outside the U.S. to

support utilization. The absolute amount of the Company's post-Tax Reform-related valuation allowance may change in

future years since the separate FTC basket for non-U.S. branches will result in additional DTAs (for FTCs) requiring a

valuation allowance, given that the local tax rate for these branches exceeds on average the U.S. tax rate of 21%. Although

realization is not assured, the Company believes that the realization of the recognized net DTAs of $3.2 billion at December

31, 2024 is more-likely-than-not, based upon expectations as to future taxable income in the jurisdictions in which the

DTAs arise and consideration of available tax planning strategies (as defined in ASC 740, Income Taxes).

Foreign tax credit carry-forwards expire in 2031 and state and local net operating loss (NOL) carry-forwards expire between

2025 and 2044. In addition, the Company has NOL carry-forwards related to non-consolidated tax return companies that

are eventually expected to be utilized in Citigroup's consolidated tax return, and that expire between 2027 and 2031.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

6. SECURITIES BORROWED, LOANED AND SUBJECT TO REPURCHASE AGREEMENTS

Securities borrowed and purchased under agreements to resell, at their respective carrying values, consisted of the following:

December 31,

In millions of dollars 2024 2023

Securities purchased under agreements to resell (including $105,521 and

$165,838 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, at fair value) 137,924$ 208,908$

Securities borrowed (including $22,598 and $21,881 as of

December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, at fair value) 77,826 74,266

Total

(1)

215,750$ 283,174$

Securities loaned and sold under agreements to repurchase, at their respective carrying values, consisted of the following:

December 31, December 31,

In millions of dollars 2024 2023

Securities sold under agreements to repurchase (including $48,560 and

$61,851 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, at fair value) 252,523$ 296,349$

Securities loaned (including $749 and $584 as of

December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, at fair value) 15,411 13,513

Total

(1)

267,934$ 309,862$

(1) The above tables do not include securities-for-securities lending transactions of $5.2 billion and $4.3 billion at December

31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, where the Company acts as lender and receives securities that can be sold or pledged as

collateral. In these transactions, the Company recognizes the securities received at fair value within Other assets and the

obligation to return those securities as a liability within Brokerage payables.

The resale and repurchase agreements represent collateralized financing transactions. The Company executes these

transactions primarily through its broker-dealer subsidiaries to facilitate customer matched-book activity and to efficiently

fund a portion of the Company’s trading inventory.

To maintain reliable funding under a wide range of market conditions, including under periods of stress, CGMHI manages

these activities by taking into consideration the quality of the underlying collateral and stipulating financing tenor. CGMHI

manages the risks in its collateralized financing transactions by conducting daily stress tests to account for changes in

capacity, tenors, haircut, collateral profile and client actions. In addition, CGMHI maintains counterparty diversification

by establishing concentration triggers and assessing counterparty reliability and stability under stress.

The Company’s policy is to take possession of the underlying collateral, monitor its market value relative to the amounts

due under the agreements and, when necessary, require prompt transfer of additional collateral in order to maintain

contractual margin protection. For resale and repurchase agreements, when necessary, the Company posts additional

collateral in order to maintain contractual margin protection.

Collateral typically consists of government and government-agency securities, corporate and municipal bonds, equities and

mortgage- and other asset-backed securities.

The resale and repurchase agreements are generally documented under industry standard agreements that allow the prompt

close-out of all transactions (including the liquidation of securities held) and the offsetting of obligations to return cash or

securities by the non-defaulting party, following a payment default or other type of default under the relevant master

agreement. Events of default generally include (i) failure to deliver cash or securities as required under the transaction, (ii)

failure to provide or return cash or securities as used for margining purposes, (iii) breach of representation, (iv) cross-

default to another transaction entered into among the parties, or, in some cases, their affiliates, and (v) a repudiation of

obligations under the agreement. The counterparty that receives the securities in these transactions is generally unrestricted

in its use of the securities, with the exception of transactions executed on a tri-party basis, where the collateral is maintained

by a custodian and operational limitations may restrict its use of the securities.

A substantial portion of the resale and repurchase agreements is recorded at fair value as the Company elected the fair

value option, as described in Notes 12 and 13. The remaining portion is carried at the amount of cash initially advanced or

received, as specified in the respective agreements.

The securities borrowing and lending agreements also represent collateralized financing transactions similar to the resale

and repurchase agreements. Collateral typically consists of government and government-agency securities and corporate

debt and equity securities.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Similar to the resale and repurchase agreements, securities borrowing and lending agreements are generally documented

under industry standard agreements that allow the prompt close-out of all transactions (including the liquidation of

securities held) and the offsetting of obligations to return cash or securities by the non-defaulting party, following a payment

default or other default by the other party under the relevant master agreement. Events of default and rights to use securities

under the securities borrowing and lending agreements are similar to the resale and repurchase agreements referenced

above.

A substantial portion of securities borrowing and lending agreements is recorded at the amount of cash advanced or

received. The remaining portion is recorded at fair value as the Company elected the fair value option for certain securities

borrowed and loaned portfolios, as described in Note 13. With respect to securities loaned, the Company receives cash

collateral in an amount generally in excess of the market value of the securities loaned. The Company monitors the market

value of securities borrowed and securities loaned on a daily basis and posts or obtains additional collateral in order to

maintain contractual margin protection.

The enforceability of offsetting rights incorporated in the master netting agreements for resale and repurchase agreements,

and securities borrowing and lending agreements, is evidenced to the extent that (i) a supportive legal opinion has been

obtained from counsel of recognized standing that provides the requisite level of certainty regarding the enforceability of

these agreements and (ii) the exercise of rights by the non-defaulting party to terminate and close out transactions on a net

basis under these agreements will not be stayed or avoided under applicable law upon an event of default, including

bankruptcy, insolvency or similar proceeding.

A legal opinion may not have been sought or obtained for certain jurisdictions where local law is silent or sufficiently

ambiguous to determine the enforceability of offsetting rights or where adverse case law or conflicting regulation may cast

doubt on the enforceability of such rights. In some jurisdictions and for some counterparty types, the insolvency law for a

particular counterparty type may be nonexistent or unclear as overlapping regimes may exist. For example, this may be the

case for certain sovereigns, municipalities, central banks and U.S. pension plans.

The following tables present the gross and net resale and repurchase agreements and securities borrowing and lending

agreements and the related offsetting amounts permitted under ASC 210-20-45. The tables also include amounts related to

financial instruments that are not permitted to be offset under ASC 210-20-45, but would be eligible for offsetting to the

extent that an event of default has occurred and a legal opinion supporting enforceability of the offsetting rights has been

obtained. Remaining exposures continue to be secured by financial collateral, but the Company may not have sought or

been able to obtain a legal opinion evidencing enforceability of the offsetting right.

Amounts not offset on the

Gross amounts Net amounts of Consolidated Balance

Gross amounts offset on the assets included on Sheet but eligible for

of recognized Consolidated the Consolidated offsetting upon Net

In millions of dollars assets

Balance Sheet

(1)

Balance Sheet counterparty default

(2)

amounts

(3)

Securities purchased under agreements

to resell

$ 442,878 $ 304,954 $ 137,924 $ 136,502 $ 1,422

Securities borrowed 97,153 19,327 77,826 19,085 58,741

Total $ 540,031 $ 324,281 $ 215,750 $ 155,587 $ 60,163

As of December 31, 2024

Net amounts of Amounts not offset on

Gross amounts liabilities

Gross amounts offset on the included on Sheet but eligible for

of recognized Consolidated the Consolidated offsetting upon Net

In millions of dollars liabilities

Balance Sheet

(1)

Balance Sheet counterparty default

(2)

amounts

(3)

Securities sold under agreements

to repurchase

$ 557,477 $ 304,954 $ 252,523 $ 211,675 $ 40,848

Securities loaned 34,738 19,327 15,411 12,810 2,601

Total $ 592,215 $ 324,281 $ 267,934 $ 224,485 $ 43,449

the Consolidated Balance

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Amounts not offset on the

Gross amounts Net amounts of Consolidated Balance

Gross amounts offset on the assets included on Sheet but eligible for

of recognized Consolidated the Consolidated offsetting upon Net

In millions of dollars assets

Balance Sheet

(1)

Balance Sheet counterparty default

(2)

amounts

(3)

Securities purchased under agreements

to resell

$ 449,153 $ 240,245 $ 208,908 $ 203,973 $ 4,935

Securities borrowed 93,739 19,473 74,266 22,547 51,719

Total $ 542,892 $ 259,718 $ 283,174 $ 226,520 $ 56,654

As of December 31, 2023

Net amounts of Amounts not offset on

Gross amounts liabilities

Gross amounts offset on the included on Sheet but eligible for

of recognized Consolidated the Consolidated offsetting upon Net

In millions of dollars liabilities

Balance Sheet

(1)

Balance Sheet counterparty default

(2)

amounts

(3)

Securities sold under agreements

to repurchase

$ 536,594 $ 240,245 $ 296,349 $ 221,628 $ 74,721

Securities loaned 32,986 19,473 13,513 5,460 8,053

Total $ 569,580 $ 259,718 $ 309,862 $ 227,088 $ 82,774

the Consolidated Balance

(1) Includes financial instruments subject to enforceable master netting agreements that are permitted to be offset under ASC 210 -20-45.

(2) Includes financial instruments subject to enforceable master netting agreements that are not permitted to be offset under ASC 210-20-45,

but would be eligible for offsetting to the extent that an event of default has occurred and a legal opinion supporting enforceability of the

offsetting right has been obtained.

(3) Remaining exposures continue to be secured by financial collateral, but the Company may not have sought or been able to obtain a legal

opinion evidencing enforceability of the offsetting right.

The following tables present the gross amounts of liabilities associated with repurchase agreements and securities lending

agreements by remaining contractual maturity:

Open and Greater than

In millions of dollars

overnight Up to 30 Days 31-90 Days 90 Days Total

Securities sold under agreements to repurchase $ 292,729 $ 155,445 $ 46,569 $ 62,734 $ 557,477

Securities loaned 25,794 213 3,002 5,729 34,738

Total $ 318,523 $ 155,658 $ 49,571 $ 68,463 $ 592,215

As of December 31, 2024

Open and Greater than

In millions of dollars

overnight Up to 30 Days 31-90 Days 90 Days Total

Securities sold under agreements to repurchase $ 307,969 $ 138,702 $ 37,324 $ 52,599 $ 536,594

Securities loaned 27,420 — 1,270 4,296 32,986

Total $ 335,389 $ 138,702 $ 38,594 $ 56,895 $ 569,580

As of December 31, 2023

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following tables present the gross amounts of liabilities associated with repurchase agreements and securities lending

agreements by class of underlying collateral:

As of December 31, 2024

Securities

Repurchase lending

In millions of dollars

agreements agreements Total

U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities $ 339,042 $ 40 $ 339,082

State and municipal securities 189 — 189

Foreign government securities 113,752 1,069 114,821

Corporate bonds 16,192 330 16,522

Equity securities 18,350 33,254 51,604

Mortgage-backed securities 65,300 — 65,300

Asset-backed securities 2,609 23 2,632

Other trading assets 2,043 22 2,065

Total $ 557,477 $ 34,738 $ 592,215

As of December 31, 2023

Securities

Repurchase lending

In millions of dollars

agreements agreements Total

U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities $ 261,720 $ 461 $ 262,181

State and municipal securities 453 2 455

Foreign government securities 160,388 118 160,506

Corporate bonds 11,655 195 11,850

Equity securities 6,028 31,972 38,000

Mortgage-backed securities 85,504 21 85,525

Asset-backed securities 3,031 178 3,209

Other trading assets 7,815 39 7,854

Total $ 536,594 $ 32,986 $ 569,580

7. DEBT

Short-Term Borrowings

Weighted Weighted

average average

In millions of dollars Balance

coupon

(1)

Balance coupon

(1)

Commercial paper $ 13,739 5.1% $ 9,106 5.9%

Other borrowings 15,621 4.8% 11,375 6.6%

Total

$ 29,360 $ 20,481

2024

2023

(1) The weighted-average coupon excludes structured notes accounted for at fair value and the effect of hedges.

Short-term borrowings with affiliates totaled $5.6 billion and $5.7 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Long-Term Debt

Weighted

average

In millions of dollars

coupon

(1)

Maturities 2024 2023

Senior debt 5.9% 2025-2070 $ 160,941 $ 160,458

Subordinated notes with affiliates 6.8% 2027-2039 23,625 23,625

Total

$ 184,566 $ 184,083

Balances at December 31,

(1) The weighted-average coupon excludes structured notes accounted for at fair value and the effect of hedges.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Long-term debt with affiliates totaled $95.0 billion and $91.3 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The

debt with affiliates matures on various dates from 2025 to 2039.

The Company issues both fixed- and variable-rate debt in a range of currencies. It uses interest rate swaps to effectively

convert a portion of its fixed-rate debt to variable-rate debt. At December 31, 2024, the Company’s overall weighted-

average interest rate for long-term debt, excluding structured notes accounted for at fair value, was 6.1% on a contractual

basis.

Aggregate annual maturities of long-term debt obligations (based on final maturity dates) are as follows:

2025 $ 24,698

2026 31,186

2027 29,774

2028 31,902

2029 13,795

Thereafter 53,211

Total

$ 184,566

In millions of dollars

8. CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS

Certain U.S. and non-U.S. broker-dealer subsidiaries of CGMHI are subject to various securities and commodities

regulations and capital adequacy requirements promulgated by the regulatory and exchange authorities of the countries in

which they operate. These regulatory restrictions may impose regulatory capital requirements and limit the amounts that

these subsidiaries can pay in dividends or advance to the Company.

At December 31, 2024, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., a U.S. broker-dealer registered with the SEC that is an indirect

wholly owned subsidiary of CGMHI, had net capital, computed in accordance with the SEC’s net capital rule, of $18

billion, which exceeded the minimum requirement by $13 billion.

Moreover, Citigroup Global Markets Limited, a broker-dealer registered with the United Kingdom’s Prudential Regulation

Authority (PRA) that is also an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of CGMHI, had total regulatory capital of $26 billion at

December 31, 2024, which exceeded the PRA’s minimum regulatory capital requirements.

In addition, certain of CGMHI’s other broker-dealer subsidiaries are subject to regulation in the countries in which they do

business, including requirements to maintain specified levels of net capital or its equivalent. CGMHI’s other principal

broker-dealer subsidiaries were in compliance with their regulatory capital requirements at December 31, 2024.

9. SECURITIZATIONS AND VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

The Company’s involvement with consolidated and unconsolidated VIEs with which the Company holds significant

variable interests is presented below:

As of December 31, 2024

Total

involvement Consolidated Significant

with SPE VIE / SPE unconsolidated Debt

In millions of dollars assets

assets

VIE assets

(2)

investments

(3)

Derivatives Total

Mortgage securitizations

(4)

U.S. agency-sponsored

$ 76,215 $ — $ 76,215 $ 1,624 $ — $ 1,624

Non-agency-sponsored

31,124 — 31,124 562 — 562

Collateralized loan obligations

1,008 — 1,008 582 — 582

Asset-based financing

3,182 1,691 1,491 65 — 65

Other

49 — 49 — 49 49

Total

$ 111,578 $ 1,691 $ 109,887 $ 2,833 $ 49 $ 2,882

Maximum exposure to loss in

significant unconsolidated VIEs

(1)

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As of December 31, 2023

Total

involvement Consolidated Significant

with SPE VIE / SPE unconsolidated Debt

In millions of dollars assets

assets

VIE assets

(2)

investments

(3)

Derivatives Total

Mortgage securitizations

(4)

U.S. agency-sponsored

$ 84,124 $ — $ 84,124 $ 1,662 $ — $ 1,662

Non-agency-sponsored

34,883 — 34,883 603 — 603

Collateralized loan obligations

12 — 12 4 — 4

Asset-based financing

3,832 2,875 957 47 — 47

Other

137 — 137 11 — 11

Total

$ 122,988 $ 2,875 $ 120,113 $ 2,327 $ — $ 2,327

Maximum exposure to loss in

significant unconsolidated VIEs

(1)

(1) The definition of maximum exposure to loss is included in the text that follows this table.

(2) A significant unconsolidated VIE is an entity in which the Company has any variable interest or continuing involvement considered

to be significant, regardless of the likelihood of loss.

(3) Funded exposures that are included on the Company’s December 31, 2024 and 2023 Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition

in Trading account assets.

(4) CGMHI mortgage securitizations also include agency and non-agency (private-label) re-securitization activities. These SPEs are

not consolidated. See “Re-securitizations” below for further discussion.

The previous tables do not include:

• certain VIEs structured by third parties in which the Company holds securities in inventory, as these investments

are made on arm’s-length terms;

• certain positions in mortgage- and asset-backed securities held by the Company, which are classified as Trading

account assets, in which the Company has no other involvement with the related securitization entity deemed to be

significant (see Note 12); and

• certain representations and warranties exposures in CGMHI residential mortgage securitizations, in which the original

mortgage loan balances are no longer outstanding.

The asset balances for consolidated VIEs represent the carrying amounts of the assets consolidated by the Company. The

asset balances for unconsolidated VIEs in which the Company has significant involvement represent the most current

information available to the Company. In most cases, the asset balances represent an amortized cost basis without regard

to impairments, unless fair value information is readily available to the Company.

The maximum loss exposure represents the balance sheet carrying amount of the Company’s investment in the VIE. It

reflects the initial amount of cash invested in the VIE, adjusted for any accrued interest and cash principal payments

received. The carrying amount may also be adjusted for increases or declines in fair value or any impairment in value

recognized in earnings. The maximum exposure of unfunded positions represents the notional amount of a derivative

instrument considered to be a variable interest. In certain transactions, the Company has entered into derivative instruments

or other arrangements that are not considered variable interests in the VIE (e.g., interest r ate swaps, cross-currency swaps

or where the Company is the purchaser of credit protection under a credit default swap or total return swap where the

Company pays the total return on certain assets to the SPE). Receivables under such arrangements are not included in the

maximum exposure amounts.

Mortgage Securitizations

CGMHI’s mortgage securitizations represent government-sponsored agency and private label (non-agency-sponsored

mortgages) re-securitization activities. These SPEs are not consolidated. See “Re-securitizations” below for further

discussion. CGMHI’s mortgage securitizations are primarily non-recourse, thereby effectively transferring the risk of future

credit losses to the purchasers of the securities issued by the SPE.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following table includes information about loan delinquencies and liquidation losses for assets held in non -

consolidated, non-agency-sponsored securitization entities at December 31:

Securitized assets 90 days past due Liquidation losses

In millions of dollars 2024 2023 2024 2023 2024 2023

Residential mortgages $ 694 $ 326 $ — $ — $ — $ —

Commercial and other 4,450 1,428 — — — —

Total $ 5,144 $ 1,754 $ — $ — $ — $ —

Re-securitizations

The Company engages in re-securitization transactions backed by either residential or commercial mortgages in which debt

securities are transferred to a VIE in exchange for new beneficial interests. CGMHI did not transfer non-agency (private

label) securities to re-securitization entities, nor did CGMHI hold retained interests in such securitizations during the years

ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, CGMHI held no retained interests in private label

re-securitization transactions structured by CGMHI.

The Company also re-securitizes U.S. government-agency-guaranteed mortgage-backed (agency) securities. During the

years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, CGMHI transferred agency securities with a fair value of approximately $22.8

billion and $17.1 billion, respectively, to re-securitization entities.

As of December 31, 2024, the fair value of CGMHI-retained interests in agency re-securitization transactions structured

by CGMHI totaled approximately $1.6 billion (including $977 million related to re-securitization transactions executed in

2024), compared to $1.7 billion as of December 31, 2023 (including $930 million related to re-securitization transactions

executed in 2023), which is recorded in Trading account assets. The original fair values of agency re-securitization

transactions in which CGMHI holds a retained interest as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were approximately $76.8 billion

and $84.1 billion, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not consolidate any private label or agency re-securitization entities.

Collateralized Loan Obligations (CLOs)

A collateralized loan obligation (CLO) is a VIE that purchases a portfolio of assets consisting primarily of non-investment-

grade corporate loans, financed through the issuance of multiple tranches of debt and equity to investors. A third-party

asset manager is contracted by the CLO to purchase the underlying assets from the open market and monitor the credit risk

associated with those assets. Over the term of a CLO, the asset manager directs purchases and sales of assets in a manner

consistent with the CLO’s asset management agreement and indenture.

CGMHI serves as a structuring and placement agent with respect to certain CLOs. Typically, the debt and equity of the

CLOs are sold to third-party investors. On occasion, certain CGMHI entities may purchase some portion of a CLO’s

liabilities for investment purposes. In addition, CGMHI may purchase, typically in the secondary market, certain securities

issued by the CLOs to support its market-making activities.

The Company generally does not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic

performance of the CLOs, as this power is generally held by a third-party asset manager of the CLO. As such, those CLOs

are not consolidated.

Asset-Based Financing

The Company provides financing to VIEs that primarily hold non-marketable equity securities and derivative transactions.

These instruments are reported in Trading account assets and are accounted for at fair value through earnings. The

Company consolidates VIEs when it has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact a VIE’s economic

performance. For CGMHI to realize the maximum loss in these VIEs, the issuer of the equity securities held by the VIE

and the derivative counterparties would have to default with no recovery.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

10. DERIVATIVES

In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into various types of derivative transactions, which include:

• Futures and forward contracts, which are commitments to buy or sell at a future date a financial instrument, commodity

or currency at a contracted price that may be settled in cash or through delivery of an item readily convertible to cash.

• Swap contracts, which are commitments to settle in cash at a future date or dates that may range from a few days to a

number of years, based on differentials between specified indices or financial instruments, as applied to a notional

principal amount.

• Option contracts, which give the purchaser, for a premium, the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell within a

specified time a financial instrument, commodity or currency at a contracted price that may also be settled in cash,

based on differentials between specified indices or prices.

Swaps, forwards and some option contracts are over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives that are bilaterally negotiated with

counterparties and settled with those counterparties, except for swap contracts that are novated and "cleared" through

central counterparties (CCPs). Futures contracts and other option contracts are standardized contracts that are traded on an

exchange with a CCP as the counterparty from the inception of the transaction. CGMHI enters into derivative contracts

relating to interest rate, foreign currency, commodity and other market/credit risks for the following reasons:

• Trading Purposes: The Company trades derivatives as an active market maker. The Company offers its customers

derivatives in connection with their risk management actions to transfer, modify or reduce their interest rate, foreign

exchange and other market/credit risks or for their own trading purposes. The Company also manages its derivative

risk positions through offsetting trade activities.

• Hedging: The Company uses derivatives in connection with its own risk management activities to hedge certain risks.

Hedging may be accomplished by applying hedge accounting in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging.

For example, CGMHI issues fixed-rate long-term debt and then enters into a receive-fixed, pay-variable-rate interest

rate swap with the same tenor and notional amount to synthetically convert the interest payments to a net variable-rate

basis. This strategy is the most common form of an interest rate hedge, as it minimizes net interest cost in certain yield

curve environments. Derivatives are also used to manage market risks inherent in specific groups of on-balance sheet

assets. For example, commodity futures contracts are used to hedge changes in the spot price of certain physical

commodities inventories, such as precious metals and exchange-traded renewable energy credits.

Derivatives may expose the Company to market, credit or liquidity risks in excess of the amounts recorded on the

Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition. Market risk on a derivative product is the exposure created by potential

fluctuations in interest rates, market prices, foreign exchange rates and other factors and is a function of the type of product,

the volume of transactions, the tenor and terms of the agreement and the underlying volatility. Credit risk is the exposure

to loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to satisfy a derivative liability where the value of any collateral

held by CGMHI is not adequate to cover such losses. The recognition in earnings of unrealized gains on derivative

transactions is subject to management’s assessment of the probability of counterparty default. Liquidity risk is the potentia l

exposure that arises when the size of a derivative position may affect the ability to monetize the position in a reasonable

period of time and at a reasonable cost in periods of high volatility and financial stress.

Derivative transactions are customarily documented under industry standard master netting agreements, which provide that

following an event of default, the non-defaulting party may promptly terminate all transactions between the parties and

determine the net obligation due to be paid to, or by, the defaulting party. These net obligations under master netting

agreements are often secured by collateral posted under an industry standard credit support annex to the master netting

agreement.

The netting and collateral rights incorporated in the master netting agreements are considered to be legally enforceable if

a supportive legal opinion has been obtained from counsel of recognized standing that provides (i) the requisite level of

certainty regarding enforceability and (ii) that the exercise of rights by the non-defaulting party to terminate and close-out

transactions on a net basis under these agreements will not be stayed or avoided under applicable law upon an event of

default, including bankruptcy, insolvency or similar proceeding.

A legal opinion may not be sought for certain jurisdictions where local law is silent or unclear as to the enforceability of

such rights or where adverse case law or conflicting regulation may cast doubt on the enforceability of such rights. In some

jurisdictions and for some counterparty types, the insolvency law may not provide the requisite level of certainty. For

example, this may be the case for certain sovereigns, municipalities, central banks and U.S. pension plans.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Exposure to credit risk on derivatives is affected by market volatility, which may impair the ability of counterparties to

satisfy their obligations to the Company. Credit limits are established and closely monitored for customers engaged in

derivatives transactions. CGMHI considers the level of legal certainty regarding enforceability of its offsetting rights under

master netting agreements and credit support annexes to be an important factor in its risk management process. Specifically,

CGMHI generally transacts much lower volumes of derivatives under master netting agreements where CGMHI does not

have the requisite level of legal certainty regarding enforceability, because such derivatives consume greater amounts of

single counterparty credit limits than those executed under enforceable master netting agreements.

Cash collateral and security collateral in the form of G10 government debt securities are often posted by a party to a master

netting agreement to secure the net open exposure of the other party; the receiving party is free to commingle/rehypothecate

such collateral in the ordinary course of its business. Nonstandard collateral such as corporate bonds, municipal bonds,

U.S. agency securities and/or MBS may also be pledged as collateral for derivative transactions. Security collateral posted

to open and maintain a master netting agreement with a counterparty, in the form of cash and/or securities, may from time

to time be segregated in an account at a third-party custodian pursuant to a tri-party account control agreement.

Information pertaining to the Company’s derivatives activities, based on notional amounts, is presented in the following

table. Derivative notional amounts are reference amounts from which contractual payments are derived and do not represent

a complete measure of CGMHI’s exposure to derivative transactions. CGMHI’s derivative exposure arises primarily from

market fluctuations (i.e., market risk), counterparty failure (i.e., credit risk) and/or periods of high volatility or financial

stress (i.e., liquidity risk), as well as any market valuation adjustments that may be required on the transactions. Moreover,

notional amounts presented below do not reflect the netting of offsetting trades. For example, if CGMHI enters into a

receive-fixed interest rate swap with $100 million notional, and offsets this risk with an identical but opposite pay-fixed

position with a different counterparty, $200 million in derivative notionals is reported, although these offsetting positions

may result in de minimis overall market risk.

In addition, aggregate derivative notional amounts can fluctuate from period to period in the normal course of business

based on CGMHI’s market share, levels of client activity and other factors. All derivatives are recorded in Trading account

assets/Trading account liabilities on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Derivative Notionals

December 31, December 31, December 31, December 31,

In millions of dollars 2024 2023 2024 2023

Interest rate contracts

Swaps

$ 32 $ 213 $ 8,445,422 $ 7,778,621

Futures and forwards

— — 1,250,578 1,262,050

Written options

— — 482,647 517,059

Purchased options

— — 466,811 492,475

Total interest rate contracts

32 213 10,645,458 10,050,205

Foreign exchange contracts

Swaps

— — 912,517 967,647

Futures, forwards and spot

— — 174,814 238,492

Written options

— — 78,119 90,124

Purchased options

— — 78,257 90,589

Total foreign exchange contracts

— — 1,243,707 1,386,852

Equity contracts

Swaps

— — 325,934 264,876

Futures and forwards

— — 63,943 63,654

Written options

— — 440,789 520,526

Purchased options

— — 376,448 429,788

Total equity contracts

— — 1,207,114 1,278,844

Commodity and other contracts

Swaps

— — 62,284 77,619

Futures and forwards

2,191 1,750 52,170 62,526

Written options

— — 9,500 11,295

Purchased options

— — 11,103 11,125

Total commodity and other contracts

2,191 1,750 135,057 162,565

Credit derivatives

(1)

Protection sold

— — 803,590 706,723

Protection purchased

— — 821,584 716,850

Total credit derivatives

— — 1,625,174 1,423,573

Total derivative notionals

$ 2,223 $ 1,963 $ 14,856,510 $ 14,302,039

Trading derivative instruments

Hedging instruments

under ASC 815

(1) Credit derivatives are arrangements designed to allow one party (protection purchaser) to transfer the credit risk of a “reference

asset” to another party (protection seller). These arrangements allow a protection seller to assume the credit risk associated

with the reference asset without directly purchasing that asset. The Company enters into credit derivative positions for purposes

such as risk management, yield enhancement, reduction of credit concentrations and diversification of overall risk, and as a

market-maker to facilitate client transactions.

The following table presents the gross and net fair values of the Company’s derivative transactions and the related offsetting

amounts as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Gross positive fair values are offset against gross negative fair values by

counterparty, pursuant to enforceable master netting agreements. Under ASC 815-10-45, payables and receivables in

respect of cash collateral received from or paid to a given counterparty pursuant to a credit support annex are included in

the offsetting amount if a legal opinion supporting the enforceability of netting and collateral rights has been obtained.

GAAP does not permit similar offsetting for security collateral.

In addition, the following table reflects rule changes adopted by clearing organizations that require or allow entities to treat

certain derivative assets, liabilities and the related variation margin as settlement of the related derivative fair values for

legal and accounting purposes, as opposed to presenting gross derivative assets and liabilities that are subject to collateral,

whereby the counterparties would also record a related collateral payable or receivable. The table also presents amounts

that are not permitted to be offset in the Company’s balance sheet presentation, such as security collateral or cash collateral

posted at third-party custodians, but which would be eligible for offsetting to the extent that an event of default has occurred

and a legal opinion supporting enforceability of the netting and collateral rights has been obtained.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Derivative Mark-to-Market (MTM) Receivables/Payables

In millions of dollars

Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities

Interest rate derivatives instruments designated as ASC 815 hedges $ 3 $ — $ 6 $ —

Derivatives instruments not designated as ASC 815 hedges:

Over-the-counter

123,486 120,363 142,131 137,468

Cleared

2,281 2,828 2,808 6,287

Exchange traded

13 13 20 29

Interest rate contracts

125,780 123,204 144,959 143,784

Over-the-counter

26,138 28,241 23,204 25,447

Foreign exchange contracts

26,138 28,241 23,204 25,447

Over-the-counter

27,084 25,820 21,268 24,489

Cleared

2 52 — —

Exchange traded

27,216 27,031 19,887 18,911

Equity contracts

54,302 52,903 41,155 43,400

Over-the-counter

8,365 10,704 14,576 16,165

Exchange traded

123 198 55 67

Commodity and other contracts

8,488 10,902 14,631 16,232

Over-the-counter

18,341 17,726 15,733 15,394

Cleared

1,744 1,700 2,209 1,758

Credit derivatives

20,085 19,426 17,942 17,152

Total derivatives instruments not designated as ASC 815 hedges

234,793 234,676 241,891 246,015

Total derivatives

234,796 234,676 241,897 246,015

Less: Netting agreements

(3)

(206,602) (206,602) (211,170) (211,170)

Less: Netting cash collateral received/paid

(4)

(7,700) (8,331) (9,907) (13,246)

Net receivables / payables included on the

Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition

$ 20,494 $ 19,743 $ 20,820 $ 21,599

Additional amounts subject to an enforceable master netting agreement,

but not offset on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition

Less: Cash collateral received/paid (11) (54) (16) (58)

Less: Non-cash collateral received/paid (694) (1,016) (1,252) (968)

Total net receivables/payables

$ 19,789 $ 18,673 $ 19,552 $ 20,573

December 31, 2024

December 31, 2023

Derivatives classified in

Trading account assets / liabilities

(1) (2)

(1) The derivatives fair values are also presented in Note 12.

(2) OTC derivatives are derivatives executed and settled bilaterally with counterparties without the use of an organized exchange or

central clearing house. Cleared derivatives include derivatives executed bilaterally with a counterparty in the OTC market, but then

novated to a central clearing house, whereby the central clearing house becomes the counterparty to both of the original

counterparties. Exchange-traded derivatives include derivatives executed directly on an organized exchange that provides pre-trade

price transparency.

(3) Represents the netting of derivative receivable and payable balances with the same counterparty under enforceable netting

agreements.

(4) Represents the netting of cash collateral paid and received by counterparties under enforceable credit support agreements wit h

appropriate legal opinion supporting enforceability of netting. Substantially all netting of cash collateral received and paid is against

OTC derivative assets and liabilities, respectively.

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, amounts recognized in Principal transactions in the Consolidated

Statement of Operations include certain derivatives not designated in a qualifying hedging relationship. The Company

presents this disclosure by business classification, showing derivative gains and losses related to its trading activities

together with gains and losses related to non-derivative instruments within the same trading portfolios, as this represents

how these portfolios are risk managed. See Note 3 for further information.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following table summarizes the gains (losses) on the Company’s fair value hedges:

Year ended December 31,

2024 2023 2022

Net Net Net

Principal interest Principal interest Other interest

In millions of dollars transactions (expense) transactions (expense) revenue (expense)

Gain (loss) on the hedging derivatives included in

assessment of the effectiveness of fair value hedges:

Interest rate hedges $ — $ (5) $ — $ (3) $ — $ (8)

Commodity hedges

(1)

396 — (298) — 662 —

Total gain (loss) on the hedging derivatives included in

assessment of the effectiveness of fair value hedges 396 (5) (298) (3) 662 (8)

Gain (loss) on the hedged item in designated and

qualifying fair value hedges:

Interest rate hedges — 5 — 3 — 8

Commodity hedges

(1)

(396) — 298 — (662) —

Total gain (loss) on the hedged item in designated and

qualifying fair value hedges (396) 5 298 3 (662) 8

Net gain on the hedging derivatives excluded from

assessment of the effectiveness of fair value hedges:

Interest rate hedges — — — — — —

Commodity hedges

(1)(2)

206 — 88 — 27 —

Total net gain on the hedging derivatives excluded from

assessment of the effectiveness of fair value hedges $ 206 $ — $ 88 $ — $ 27 $ —

(1) The gain (loss) amounts for commodity hedges are included in Principal transactions for periods beginning 2023.

(2) Amounts related to the forward points (i.e., the spot-forward difference) that are excluded from the assessment of hedge

effectiveness and are generally reflected directly in earnings under the mark-to-market approach or recorded in AOCI under the

amortization approach. The year ended December 31, 2024 includes gains of approximately $142 million and $64 million under the

mark-to-market approach and amortization approach, respectively. The year ended December 31, 2023 includes gains of

approximately $72 million and $16 million under the mark-to-market approach and amortization approach, respectively.

Cumulative Basis Adjustment

The table below presents the carrying amount of CGMHI’s hedged assets and liabilities under qualifying fair value hedges

at December 31, 2024 and 2023, along with the cumulative basis adjustments included in the carrying value of those hedged

assets and liabilities that would reverse through earnings in future periods.

In millions of dollars

Carrying Cumulative fair value hedging

Balance sheet line item amount of adjustment increasing (decreasing)

in which hedged item is hedged asset/ the carrying amount

recorded liability Active De-designated

As of December 31, 2024

Trading account assets $ 2,300 $ (15) $ —

Long-term debt 190 3 —

As of December 31, 2023

Trading account assets $ 1,870 $ 117 $ —

Long-term debt 218 6 —

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Credit Derivatives

The Company is a market maker and trades a range of credit derivatives. Through these contracts, CGMHI either purchases

or writes protection on either a single name or a portfolio of reference credits. CGMHI also uses credit derivatives to help

mitigate credit risk in its trading account portfolios and other cash positions and to facilitate client transactions.

CGMHI manages counterparty credit risk arising from credit derivative contracts primarily through master netting

agreements, collateral agreements and daily margin settlement requirements. A majority of CGMHI’s top 15 counterparties

(by receivable balance owed to CGMHI) are central clearing houses, banks, financial institutions or other dealers. Contracts

with these counterparties do not include ratings-based termination events. However, counterparty ratings downgrades may

have an incremental effect by lowering the threshold at which CGMHI may call for additional collateral.

The range of credit derivatives entered into includes credit default swaps, total return swaps, credit options and credit-

linked notes.

A credit default swap is a contract in which, for a fee, a protection seller agrees to reimburse a protection buyer for any

losses that occur due to a predefined credit event on a reference entity. These credit events are defined by the terms of the

derivative contract and the reference entity and are generally limited to the market standard of failure to pay on indebtedness

and bankruptcy of the reference entity and, in a more limited range of transactions, debt restructuring. Credit derivative

transactions that reference emerging market entities also typically include additional credit events to cover the acceleration

of indebtedness and the risk of repudiation or a payment moratorium. In certain transactions, protection may be provided

on a portfolio of reference entities or asset-backed securities. If there is no credit event, as defined by the specific derivative

contract, then the protection seller makes no payments to the protection buyer and receives only the contractually specified

fee. However, if a credit event occurs as defined in the specific derivative contract sold, the protection seller will be required

to make a payment to the protection buyer. Under certain contracts, the seller of protection may not be required to make a

payment until a specified amount of losses has occurred with respect to the portfolio and/or may only be required to pay

for losses up to a specified amount.

A total return swap typically transfers the total economic performance of a reference asset, which includes all associated

cash flows, as well as capital appreciation or depreciation. The protection buyer receives a floating rate of interest and any

depreciation on the reference asset from the protection seller and, in return, the protection seller receives the cash flows

associated with the reference asset plus any appreciation. Thus, according to the total return swap agreement, the protection

seller will be obligated to make a payment any time the floating interest rate payment plus any depreciation of the reference

asset exceeds the cash flows associated with the underlying asset. A total return swap may terminate upon a default of the

reference asset or a credit event with respect to the reference entity, subject to the provisions of the related total return swap

agreement between the protection seller and the protection buyer.

A credit option is a credit derivative that allows investors to trade or hedge changes in the credit quality of a reference

entity. For example, in a credit spread option, the option writer assumes the obligation to purchase or sell credit protection

on the reference entity at a specified “strike” spread level. The option purchaser buys the right to sell credit default

protection on the reference entity to, or purchase it from, the option writer at the strike spread level. The payments on credit

spread options depend either on a particular credit spread or the price of the underlying credit-sensitive asset or other

reference entity. The options usually terminate if a credit event occurs with respect to the underlying reference entity.

A credit-linked note is a form of credit derivative structured as a debt security with an embedded credit default swap. The

purchaser of the note effectively provides credit protection to the issuer by agreeing to receive a return that could be

negatively affected by credit events on the underlying reference entity. If the reference entity defaults, the note may be

cash settled or physically settled by delivery of a debt security of the reference entity. Thus, the maximum amount of the

note purchaser’s exposure is the amount paid for the credit-linked note.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following tables summarize the key characteristics of the Company’s credit derivatives portfolio by counterparty and

derivative form:

Fair values Notionals

Protection Protection

In millions of dollars at December 31, 2024

Receivable Payable

purchased sold

By instrument:

Credit default swaps and options $

18,478 18,408 793,072 788,615

Total return swaps and other

1,607 1,018 28,512 14,975

Total by instrument $ 20,085 19,426 821,584 803,590

By rating of reference entity:

Investment grade $

10,373 10,050 652,801 647,963

Non-investment grade

9,712 9,376 168,783 155,627

Total by rating of reference entity $ 20,085 19,426 821,584 803,590

By maturity:

Within 1 year $

1,702 1,744 143,767 139,016

From 1 to 5 years

16,772 16,435 634,142 632,539

After 5 years

1,611 1,247 43,675 32,035

Total by maturity $

20,085 19,426 821,584 803,590

Fair values Notionals

Protection Protection

In millions of dollars at December 31, 2023

Receivable Payable

purchased sold

By instrument:

Credit default swaps and options $

17,304 16,528 703,560 698,567

Total return swaps and other

638 624 13,290 8,156

Total by instrument $ 17,942 17,152 716,850 706,723

By rating of reference entity:

Investment grade $

6,928 6,729 469,153 454,628

Non-investment grade

11,014 10,423 247,697 252,095

Total by rating of reference entity $ 17,942 17,152 716,850 706,723

By maturity:

Within 1 year $

1,345 1,512 124,705 119,272

From 1 to 5 years

15,043 14,179 548,827 553,290

After 5 years

1,554 1,461 43,318 34,161

Total by maturity $

17,942 17,152 716,850 706,723

Fair values included in the above tables are prior to application of any netting agreements and cash collateral. For notional

amounts, there is generally a difference between the total notional amounts of protection purchased and sold, and CGMHI

may hold the reference assets directly rather than entering into offsetting credit derivative contracts as and when desired.

The open risk exposures from credit derivative contracts are largely matched after certain cash positions in reference assets

are considered and after notional amounts are adjusted, either to a duration-based equivalent basis or to reflect the level of

subordination in tranched structures. The ratings of the credit derivatives portfolio presented in the tables and used to

evaluate payment/performance risk are based on the assigned internal or external ratings of the reference asset or entity.

Where external ratings are used, investment-grade ratings are considered to be “Baa/BBB” and above, while anything

below is considered non-investment grade. CGMHI’s internal ratings are in line with the related external rating system.

The Company evaluates the payment/performance risk of the credit derivatives for which it stands as a protection seller

based on the credit rating assigned to the underlying reference credit. Credit derivatives written on an underlying non-

investment-grade reference entity represent greater payment risk to the Company. The non-investment-grade category in

the table above also includes credit derivatives where the underlying reference entity has been downgraded subsequent to

the inception of the derivative.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The maximum potential amount of future payments under credit derivative contracts presented in the table above is based

on the notional value of the derivatives. The Company believes that the notional amount for credit protection sold is not

representative of the actual loss exposure based on historical experience. This amount has not been reduced by the value

of the reference assets and the related cash flows. In accordance with most credit derivative contracts, should a credit event

occur, the Company usually is liable for the difference between the protection sold and the value of the reference assets.

Furthermore, the notional amount for credit protection sold has not been reduced for any cash collateral paid to a given

counterparty, as such payments would be calculated after netting all derivative exposures, including any credit derivatives

with that counterparty in accordance with a related master netting agreement. Due to such netting processes, determining

the amount of collateral that corresponds to credit derivative exposures alone is not possible. The Company actively

monitors open credit-risk exposures and manages this exposure by using a variety of strategies, including purchased credit

derivatives, cash collateral or direct holdings of the referenced assets. This risk mitigation activity is not captured in the

table above.

Credit Risk-Related Contingent Features in Derivatives

Certain derivative instruments contain provisions that require the Company to either post additional collateral or

immediately settle any outstanding liability balances upon the occurrence of a specified event related to the credit risk of

the Company. These events, which are defined by the existing derivative contracts, are primarily downgrades in the credit

ratings of the Company and its affiliates.

The fair value (excluding CVA) of all derivative instruments with credit risk-related contingent features that were in a net

liability position at December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $2.9 billion and $3.9 billion, respectively. The Company posted $2.2

billion and $2.9 billion as collateral for this exposure in the normal course of business as of December 31, 2024 and 2023,

respectively.

A downgrade could trigger additional collateral or cash settlement requirements for the Company and certain affiliates. In

the event that CGMHI was downgraded a single notch by all three major rating agencies as of December 31, 2024, the

Company could be required to post an additional $75 million as either collateral or settlement of the derivative transactions.

In addition, the Company could be required to segregate with third-party custodians collateral previously received from

existing derivative counterparties in an amount of less than $1 million upon the single notch downgrade, resulting in

aggregate cash obligations and collateral requirements of approximately $75 million.

Derivatives Accompanied by Financial Asset Transfers

The Company executes total return swaps that provide it with synthetic exposure to substantially all of the economic return

of the securities or other financial assets referenced in the contract. In certain cases, the derivative transaction is

accompanied by the Company’s transfer of the referenced financial asset to the derivative counterparty, most typically in

response to the derivative counterparty’s desire to hedge, in whole or in part, its synthetic exposure under the derivative

contract by holding the referenced asset in funded form. In certain jurisdictions these transactions qualify as sales, resulting

in derecognition of the securities transferred (see Note 1 for further discussion of the related sale conditions for transfers

of financial assets). For a significant portion of the transactions, the Company has also executed another total return swap

where the Company passes on substantially all of the economic return of the referenced securities to a different third party

seeking the exposure. In those cases, the Company is not exposed, on a net basis, to changes in the economic return of the

referenced securities.

These transactions generally involve the transfer of the Company’s liquid government bonds, convertible bonds or publicly

traded corporate equity securities from the trading portfolio and are executed with third-party financial institutions. The

accompanying derivatives are typically total return swaps. The derivatives are cash settled and subject to ongoing margin

requirements.

When the conditions for sale accounting are met, the Company reports the transfer of the referenced financial asset as a

sale and separately reports the accompanying derivative transaction. These transactions generally do not result in a gain or

loss on the sale of the security, because the transferred security was held at fair value in the Company’s trading portfolio.

For transfers of financial assets accounted for as a sale by the Company, and for which the Company has retained

substantially all of the economic exposure to the transferred asset through a total return swap executed with the same

counterparty in contemplation of the initial sale (and still outstanding), the asset amounts derecognized and the gross cash

proceeds received as of the date of derecognition were $5.1 billion and $3.9 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023,

respectively.

At December 31, 2024, the fair value of these previously derecognized assets was $4.6 billion. The fair value of the total

return swaps as of December 31, 2024 was $160 million recorded as gross derivative assets and $25 million recorded as

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

gross derivative liabilities. At December 31, 2023, the fair value of these previously derecognized assets was $4.0 billion,

and the fair value of the total return swaps was $110 million recorded as gross derivative assets and $26 million recorded

as gross derivative liabilities.

The balances for the total return swaps are on a gross basis, before the application of counterparty and cash collateral

netting, and are included primarily as equity derivatives in the tabular disclosures in this Note.

11. CONCENTRATIONS OF CREDIT RISK

Concentrations of credit risk exist when changes in economic, industry or geographic factors similarly affect groups of

counterparties whose aggregate credit exposure is material in relation to the Company’s total credit exposure. Although

the Company’s portfolio of financial instruments is broadly diversified along product and geographic lines, material

transactions are completed with other financial institutions, particularly in the securities trading, derivatives and foreign

exchange businesses.

In connection with the Company’s efforts to maintain a diversified portfolio, the Company limits its exposure to any one

geographic region, country or individual creditor and monitors this exposure on a continuous basis. At December 31, 2024,

the Company’s most significant concentration of credit risk was in Trading-related assets (trading securities) with the U.S.

government and its agencies and foreign governments.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s trading securities exposure to the U.S. government and its agencies was

$181.9 billion and $168.5 billion; and to foreign governments was $26.3 billion and $24.9 billion, respectively.

12. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT

ASC 820-10, Fair Value Measurement, defines fair value, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and

requires disclosures about fair value measurements. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset

or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, and therefore

represents an exit price. Among other things, the standard requires the Company to maximize the use of observable inputs

and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.

Under ASC 820-10, the probability of counterparty default is factored into the valuation of derivatives and other positions,

and the impact of the Company’s own credit risk is factored into the valuation of derivatives and other liabilities that are

measured at fair value.

Fair Value Hierarchy Principles

ASC 820-10 specifies a hierarchy of inputs based on whether the inputs are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs

are developed using market data and reflect market participant assumptions, while unobservable inputs reflect the

Company’s market assumptions. These two types of inputs have created the following fair value hierarchy:

• Level 1: Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

• Level 2: Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments

in markets that are not active and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and value drivers are

observable in the market.

• Level 3: Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value

drivers are unobservable.

As required under the fair value hierarchy, the Company considers relevant and observable market inputs in its valuations

where possible. The fair value hierarchy classification approach typically utilizes rules-based and data-driven criteria to

determine whether an instrument is classified as Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3:

• The determination of whether an instrument is quoted in an active market and therefore considered a Level 1

instrument is based on the frequency of observed transactions and the quality of independent market data available

on the measurement date.

• A Level 2 classification is assigned where there is observability of prices/market inputs to models, or where any

unobservable inputs are not significant to the valuation. The determination of whether an input is considered

observable is based on the availability of independent market data and its corroboration, for example through

observed transactions in the market.

• Otherwise, an instrument is classified as Level 3.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Determination of Fair Value and Hierarchy Levels

For assets and liabilities carried at fair value, the Company measures fair value using the procedures set out below,

irrespective of whether the assets and liabilities are measured at fair value as a result of an election, a non-recurring lower-

of-cost-or-market (LOCOM) adjustment, or because they are required to be measured at fair value.

When available, the Company uses quoted market prices from active markets to determine fair value and classifies such

items as Level 1. In some specific cases where a market price is available, the Company will apply practical expedients

(such as matrix pricing) to calculate fair value, in which case the items may be classified as Level 2.

The Company may also apply a price-based methodology that utilizes, where available, quoted prices or other market

information obtained from recent trading activity in positions with the same or similar characteristics to the position being

valued. If relevant and observable prices are available, those valuations may be classified as Level 2. However, when there

are one or more significant unobservable “price” inputs, those valuations will be classified as Level 3. Furthermore, when a

quoted price is considered stale, a significant adjustment to the price of a similar security is necessary to reflect differences in

the terms of the actual security being valued, or alternatively, when prices from independent sources are insufficient to

corroborate a valuation, the “price” inputs are considered unobservable and the fair value measurements are classified as Level

If quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed valuation techniques that use, where

possible, current market-based parameters, such as interest rates, currency rates and option volatilities. Items valued using

such internally generated valuation techniques are classified according to the lowest level input or value driver that is

significant to the valuation. Thus, an item may be classified as Level 3 even though there may be some significant inputs

that are readily observable.

Where internal valuation techniques are used to determine fair value estimates, independent vendor or broker data is utilized

when possible. Vendor and broker valuations may be based on a variety of inputs ranging from observed prices to

proprietary valuation models, and the Company assesses the quality and relevance of this information in determining the

estimate of fair value. The following section describes the valuation methodologies used by the Company to measure

various financial instruments at fair value. Where appropriate, the description includes details of the valuation models, the

key inputs to those models and any significant assumptions.

Market Valuation Adjustments

Generally, the unit of account for a financial instrument is the individual financial instrument. The Company applies market

valuation adjustments that are consistent with the unit of account, which do not include adjustment s due to the size of the

Company’s position, except as follows. ASC 820-10 permits an exception, through an accounting policy election, to

measure the fair value of a portfolio of financial assets and financial liabilities on the basis of the net open risk position

when certain criteria are met. CGMHI has elected to measure certain portfolios of financial instruments that meet those

criteria, such as derivatives, on the basis of the net open risk position.

Valuation adjustments are applied to items classified as Level 2 or Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy to ensure that the fair

value reflects the price at which the net open risk position could be exited. These valuation adjustments are based on the

bid/offer spread for an instrument in the market. When CGMHI has elected to measure certain portfolios of financial

investments, such as derivatives, on the basis of the net open risk position, the valuation adjustment may take into account

the size of the position.

Credit valuation adjustments (CVA) and funding valuation adjustments (FVA) are applied to certain over-the-counter

(OTC) derivative instruments where adjustments to reflect counterparty credit risk, own credit risk and term funding risk

are required to estimate fair value. This principally includes derivatives with a base valuation (e.g., discounted using

overnight indexed swap (OIS)) requiring adjustment for these effects, such as uncollateralized interest rate swaps. The

CVA represents a portfolio-level adjustment to reflect the risk premium associated with the counterparty’s (assets) or

CGMHI’s (liabilities) non-performance risk.

The FVA represents a market funding risk premium inherent in the uncollateralized portion of a derivative portfolio and in

certain collateralized derivative portfolios that do not include standard credit support annexes (CSAs), such as where the

CSA does not permit the reuse of collateral received. CGMHI’s FVA methodology leverages the existing CVA

methodology to estimate a funding exposure profile. The calculation of this exposure profile considers collateral

agreements in which the terms do not permit the Company to reuse the collateral received, including where counterparties

post collateral to third-party custodians. CGMHI’s CVA and FVA methodologies consist of two steps:

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

• First, the exposure profile for each counterparty is determined using the terms of all individual derivative positions,

and a Monte Carlo simulation or other quantitative analysis is used to generate a series of expected cash flows at future

points in time. The calculation of this exposure profile considers the effect of credit risk mitigants and sources of

funding, including pledged cash or other collateral and any legal right of offset that exists with a counterparty through

arrangements such as netting agreements. Individual derivative contracts that are subject to an enforceable master

netting agreement with a counterparty are aggregated as a netting set for this purpose, since it is those net cash flows

that are subject to nonperformance risk. This process identifies specific, point-in-time future cash flows that are subject

to nonperformance and term funding risk, rather than using the current recognized net asset or liability as a basis to

measure the CVA and FVA.

• Second, for CVA, market-based views of default probabilities derived from observed credit spreads in the credit default

swap (CDS) market are applied to the expected future cash flows determined in step one. CGMHI’s own credit CVA

is determined using Company-specific CDS spreads for the relevant tenor. Generally, counterparty CVA is determined

using CDS spread indices for each credit rating and tenor. For certain identified netting sets where individual analysis

is practicable (e.g., exposures to counterparties with liquid CDSs), counterparty-specific CDS spreads are used. For

FVA, a term structure of spreads is applied to the expected funding exposures (e.g., the market liquidity spread used

to represent the term funding premium associated with certain OTC derivatives).

The CVA and FVA are designed to incorporate a market view of the credit and funding risk, respectively, inherent in the

derivative portfolio. However, most unsecured derivative instruments are negotiated bilateral contracts and are not

commonly transferred to third parties. Derivative instruments are normally settled contractually or, if terminated early, are

terminated at a value negotiated bilaterally between the parties. Thus, the CVA and FVA may not be realized upon a

settlement or termination in the normal course of business. In addition, all or a portion of these adjustments may be reversed

or otherwise adjusted in future periods in the event of changes in the credit or funding risk associated with the derivative

instruments.

The table below summarizes the CVA and FVA applied to the fair value of derivative instruments (recorded in Trading

account assets and Trading account liabilities on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition) at December 31,

2024 and 2023:

Credit and funding valuation adjustments

In millions of dollars

Counterparty CVA

$ (149) $ (180)

Asset FVA

(139) (105)

CGMHI (own credit) CVA

(1)

138 174

Liability FVA

60 78

Total CVA and FVA — derivative instruments $ (90) $ (33)

contra-liability (contra-asset)

December 31, 2024

December 31, 2023

(1) Determined using Citi-specific CDS spreads.

The table below summarizes pretax gains (losses) related to changes in CVA and FVA on derivative instruments, net of

hedges (recorded in Principal transactions revenue in the Consolidated Statement of Operations), and changes in debt

valuation adjustments (DVA) on CGMHI’s own fair value option (FVO) liabilities (recorded in Other comprehensive

income (loss) in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss)) for the years indicated:

In millions of dollars 2024 2023 2022

Counterparty CVA

$ 19 $ 29 $ 37

Asset FVA

(34) 17 (60)

Own credit CVA (13) (107) 59

Liability FVA

(18) 3 37

Total CVA and FVA — derivative instruments (46) (58) 73

DVA related to own FVO liabilities (452) (817) 1,462

Total CVA, DVA and FVA $ (498) $ (875) $ 1,535

Credit/funding/debt valuation

adjustments gain (loss)

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Securities Borrowed and Purchased Under Agreements to Resell and Securities Loaned and Sold Under Agreements to

Repurchase

As no quoted prices exist for these instruments, fair value is determined using a discounted cash flow technique. Cash

flows are estimated based on the terms of the contract, taking into account any embedded derivatives or other features.

These cash flows are discounted using interest rates appropriate to the maturity of the instrument as well as the nature of

the underlying collateral. Generally, when such instruments are recorded at fair value, they are classified within Level 2 of

the fair value hierarchy, as the inputs used in the valuation are readily observable. However, certain longdated positions

are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Trading Account Assets and Liabilities—Trading Securities and Trading Loans

When available, the Company uses quoted market prices in active markets to determine the fair value of trading securities;

such items are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Examples include government securities and exchange-

traded equity securities.

For bonds and secondary market loans traded over the counter, the Company generally determines fair value utilizing various

valuation techniques, including discounted cash flows, price-based and internal models. Where internal valuation techniques

are used to determine fair value estimates, prices from independent sources, including third-party vendors, are utilized when

possible. A price-based methodology utilizes, where available, quoted prices or other market information obtained from recent

trading activity of instruments with similar characteristics to the bond or loan being valued. The yields used in discounted

cash flow models are derived from the same price information. Trading securities and loans priced using such methods are

generally classified as Level 2. However, when the significant inputs to the valuation are unobservable, or prices from

independent sources are insufficient to corroborate valuation, a loan or security is generally classified as Level 3. Where

internal valuation techniques are used to determine fair value estimates, prices from independent sources, including third-

party vendors, are utilized when possible.

When the Company’s principal exit market for a portfolio of loans is through securitization, the Company uses the

securitization price as a key input into the fair value of the loan portfolio. The securitization price is determined from the

assumed proceeds of a hypothetical securitization within the current market environment. Where such a valuation approach is

possible, loan portfolios are typically classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

For most of the subprime mortgage-backed security (MBS) exposures, fair value is determined utilizing observable

transactions where available, or other valuation techniques such as discounted cash flow analysis utilizing valuation

assumptions derived from similar, more observable securities as market proxies. The valuation of certain asset-backed security

(ABS) collateralized debt obligation (CDO) positions is inferred through the net asset value of the underlying assets of the

ABS CDO.

Trading Account Assets and Liabilities—Derivatives

Exchange-traded derivatives, measured at fair value using quoted (i.e., exchange) prices in active markets, where available,

are classified as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy.

Derivatives without a quoted price in an active market and derivatives executed over the counter are valued using internal

valuation techniques. These derivative instruments are classified as either Level 2 or Level 3 depending on the observability

of the significant inputs to the valuation.

The valuation techniques depend on the type of derivative and the nature of the underlying instrument. The principal

techniques used to value these instruments are discounted cash flows and internal models, such as derivative pricing models

(e.g., Black-Scholes and Monte Carlo simulations).

The key inputs depend upon the type of derivative and the nature of the underlying instrument and include interest rate

yield curves, foreign exchange rates, volatilities and correlation.

Investments

The investments category includes nonpublic investments in private equity and real estate entities. Determining the fair

value of nonpublic securities involves a significant degree of management judgment, as no quoted prices exist and such

securities are not generally traded. In addition, there may be transfer restrictions on private equity securities. The

Company’s process for determining the fair value of such securities utilizes commonly accepted valuation techniques,

including guideline public company analysis and comparable transactions. In determining the fair value of nonpublic

securities, the Company also considers events such as a proposed sale of the investee company, initial public offerings,

equity issuances or other observable transactions. Private equity securities are generally classified within Level 3 of the

fair value hierarchy.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Short-Term Borrowings and Long-Term Debt

Where fair value accounting has been elected, the fair value of non-structured liabilities is determined by utilizing internal

models using the appropriate discount rate for the applicable maturity. Such instruments are classified within Level 2 of

the fair value hierarchy when all significant inputs are readily observable.

The Company determines the fair value of hybrid financial instruments, including structured liabilities, using the

appropriate derivative valuation methodology (described above in “Trading Account Assets and Liabilities—Derivatives”)

given the nature of the embedded risk profile. Such instruments are classified within Level 2 or Level 3 depending on the

observability of significant inputs to the valuation.

Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following tables present for each of the fair value hierarchy levels the Company’s assets and liabilities that are

measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company may hedge positions that have

been classified in the Level 3 category with other financial instruments (hedging instruments) that may be classified as

Level 3, but also with financial instruments classified as Level 1 or Level 2. The effects of these hedges are presented gross

in the following tables:

Fair Value Levels

Gross Net

In millions of dollars at December 31, 2024

inventory balance

Assets

Securities borrowed and purchased under

agreements to resell $ — $ 431,712 $ 47 $ 431,759 $ (303,640) $ 128,119

Trading non-derivative assets

Trading mortgage-backed securities

U.S. government-sponsored agency guaranteed — 63,366 300 63,666 — 63,666

Residential — 528 67 595 — 595

Commercial — 631 35 666 — 666

Total trading mortgage-backed securities — 64,525 402 64,927 — 64,927

U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities 111,726 6,507 1 118,234 — 118,234

State and municipal securities — 16 11 27 — 27

Foreign government securities 18,971 7,335 8 26,314 — 26,314

Corporate 216 13,703 359 14,278 — 14,278

Equity securities 38,973 2,814 142 41,929 — 41,929

Asset-backed securities — 2,131 178 2,309 — 2,309

Other trading assets

(2)

— 5,814 70 5,884 — 5,884

Total trading non-derivative assets 169,886 102,845 1,171 273,902 — 273,902

Trading derivatives

Interest rate contracts 17 125,092 674 125,783

Foreign exchange contracts — 25,903 235 26,138

Equity contracts 37 53,054 1,211 54,302

Commodity contracts — 7,534 954 8,488

Credit derivatives — 19,545 540 20,085

Total trading derivatives—before netting and collateral 54 231,128 3,614 234,796

Netting agreements (206,602)

Netting of cash collateral received (7,700)

Total trading derivatives—after netting and collateral 54 231,128 3,614 234,796 (214,302) 20,494

Investments - Non-marketable equity securities — — 140 140 — 140

Other financial assets measured

on a recurring basis

3,868 3,235 72 7,175 — 7,175

Total assets $ 173,808 $ 768,920 $ 5,044 $ 947,772 $ (517,942) $ 429,830

Total as a percentage of gross assets

(3)

18.4% 81.1% 0.5%

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Netting

(1)

Table continues on the next page.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Fair Value Levels

Gross Net

In millions of dollars at December 31, 2024

inventory balance

Liabilities

Securities loaned and sold under

agreements to repurchase

$ — $ 242,266 $ 390 $ 242,656 $ (193,347) $ 49,309

Trading non-derivative liabilities

Securities sold, not yet purchased 60,231 9,144 28 69,403 — 69,403

Trading derivatives

Interest rate contracts

6 121,785 1,413 123,204

Foreign exchange contracts

— 26,973 1,268 28,241

Equity contracts

22 49,967 2,914 52,903

Commodity contracts

— 10,476 426 10,902

Credit derivatives

— 18,856 570 19,426

Total trading derivatives—before netting and collateral 28 228,057 6,591 234,676

Netting agreements (206,602)

Netting of cash collateral paid (8,331)

Total trading derivatives—after netting and collateral 28 228,057 6,591 234,676 (214,933) 19,743

Brokerage payables

4,478 729 — 5,207 — 5,207

Short-term borrowings

— 9,495 298 9,793 — 9,793

Long-term debt

— 74,290 13,405 87,695 — 87,695

Total liabilities $ 64,737 $ 563,981 $ 20,712 $ 649,430 $ (408,280) $ 241,150

Total as a percentage of gross liabilities

(3)

10.0% 86.8% 3.2%

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Netting

(1)

(1) Represents netting of (i) the amounts due under securities purchased under agreements to resell and the amounts owed under

securities sold under agreements to repurchase and (ii) derivative exposures covered by a qualifying master netting agreement and

cash collateral offsetting.

(2) Includes physical commodities accounted for at the lower of cost or market value.

(3) Because the amount of the cash collateral paid/received has not been allocated to the Level 1, 2 and 3 subtotals, these perce ntages

are calculated based on total assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, excluding the cash collateral

paid/received on derivatives.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Fair Value Levels

Gross Net

In millions of dollars at December 31, 2023

inventory balance

Assets

Securities borrowed and purchased under

agreements to resell $ — $ 427,863 $ 48 $ 427,911 $ (240,192) $ 187,719

Trading non-derivative assets

Trading mortgage-backed securities

U.S. government-sponsored agency guaranteed — 79,797 580 80,377 — 80,377

Residential — 597 115 712 — 712

Commercial — 464 202 666 — 666

Total trading mortgage-backed securities — 80,858 897 81,755 — 81,755

U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities 85,991 2,101 8 88,100 — 88,100

State and municipal securities — 442 3 445 — 445

Foreign government securities 19,613 5,272 41 24,926 — 24,926

Corporate 533 16,036 603 17,172 — 17,172

Equity securities 29,145 4,184 250 33,579 — 33,579

Asset-backed securities — 1,190 531 1,721 — 1,721

Other trading assets

(2)

83 4,559 219 4,861 — 4,861

Total trading non-derivative assets 135,365 114,642 2,552 252,559 — 252,559

Trading derivatives

Interest rate contracts 47 144,250 668 144,965

Foreign exchange contracts — 23,013 191 23,204

Equity contracts 5 39,553 1,597 41,155

Commodity contracts 1 13,667 963 14,631

Credit derivatives — 17,378 564 17,942

Total trading derivatives—before netting and collateral 53 237,861 3,983 241,897

Netting agreements (211,170)

Netting of cash collateral received (9,907)

Total trading derivatives—after netting and collateral 53 237,861 3,983 241,897 (221,077) 20,820

Investments - Non-marketable equity securities — — 250 250 — 250

Other financial assets measured

on a recurring basis 3,643 2,331 64 6,038 — 6,038

Total assets $ 139,061 $ 782,697 $ 6,897 $ 928,655 $ (461,269) $ 467,386

Total as a percentage of gross assets

(3)

15.0% 84.3% 0.7%

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Netting

(1)

Table continues on the next page.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Fair Value Levels

Gross Net

In millions of dollars at December 31, 2023

inventory balance

Liabilities

Securities loaned and sold under

agreements to repurchase

$ — $ 220,394 $ 390 $ 220,784 $ (158,349) $ 62,435

Trading non-derivative liabilities

Securities sold, not yet purchased 79,761 9,845 28 89,634 — 89,634

Trading derivatives

Interest rate contracts 48 142,163 1,573 143,784

Foreign exchange contracts — 24,473 974 25,447

Equity contracts 13 40,460 2,927 43,400

Commodity contracts — 15,657 575 16,232

Credit derivatives — 16,605 547 17,152

Total trading derivatives—before netting and collateral 61 239,358 6,596 246,015

Netting agreements (211,170)

Netting of cash collateral paid (13,246)

Total trading derivatives—after netting and collateral 61 239,358 6,596 246,015 (224,416) 21,599

Brokerage payables 4,298 23 — 4,321 — 4,321

Short-term borrowings — 4,692 483 5,175 — 5,175

Long-term debt — 69,109 22,842 91,951 — 91,951

Total liabilities $ 84,120 $ 543,421 $ 30,339 $ 657,880 $ (382,765) $ 275,115

Total as a percentage of gross liabilities

(3)

12.8% 82.6% 4.6%

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Netting

(1)

(1) Represents netting of (i) the amounts due under securities purchased under agreements to resell and the amounts owed under

securities sold under agreements to repurchase and (ii) derivative exposures covered by a qualifying master netting agreement and

cash collateral offsetting.

(2) Includes physical commodities accounted for at the lower of cost or market value.

(3) Because the amount of the cash collateral paid/received has not been allocated to the Level 1, 2 and 3 subtotals, these perce ntages

are calculated based on total assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, excluding the cash collateral

paid/received on derivatives.

Changes in Level 3 Fair Value Category

The following tables present the changes in the Level 3 fair value category for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

The gains and losses presented in the following tables include changes in the fair value related to both observable and

unobservable inputs.

The Company often hedges positions with offsetting positions that are classified in a different level. For example, the gains

and losses for assets and liabilities in the Level 3 category presented in the following tables do not reflect the effect of offsetting

losses and gains on hedging instruments that may be classified in the Level 1 and Level 2 categories. In addition, the Company

hedges items classified in the Level 3 category with instruments also classified in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The

hedged items and related hedges are presented gross in the following tables:

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Level 3 Fair Value Rollforward

Unrealized

gains

Dec. 31, Principal into out of Dec. 31, (losses)

In millions of dollars 2023 transactions Other Level 3 Level 3 Purchases Issuances Sales Settlements

2024

still held

(2)

Assets

Securities borrowed and purchased

under agreements to resell

$ 48 $ 3 $ — $ — $ — $ 90 $ — $ — $ (94) $ 47 $ 2

Trading non-derivative assets

Trading mortgage-backed securities

U.S. government-sponsored

agency guaranteed

580 (52) — 457 (856) 667 — (496) — 300 (18)

Residential 115 (6) — 71 (68) 141 — (186) — 67 (1)

Commercial 202 15 — 56 (188) 161 — (211) — 35 (4)

Total trading mortgage-backed

securities 897 (43) — 584 (1,112) 969 — (893) — 402 (23)

U.S. Treasury and federal

agency securities 8 3 — 1 (1) — — — (10) 1 —

State and municipal 3 2 — 20 (9) — — (5) — 11 1

Foreign government 41 (5) — 15 (39) 63 — (67) — 8 —

Corporate 603 68 — 179 (484) 776 — (783) — 359 64

Equity securities 250 20 — 237 (72) 168 — (461) — 142 7

Asset-backed securities 531 (52) — 55 (211) 273 — (418) — 178 (21)

Other trading assets 219 157 — 21 (164) 67 — (230) — 70 42

Total trading non-derivative

assets

2,552 150 — 1,112 (2,092) 2,316 — (2,857) (10) 1,171 70

Investments in non-marketable

equity securities 250 — (2) — — 107 — (215) — 140 (4)

Other financial assets measured

on a recurring basis 64 — 6 — (9) 5 12 (6) — 72 1

Liabilities

Securities loaned and sold under

agreements to repurchase

$ 390 $ 5 $ — $ — $ — $976 $ — $ — $(971) $ 390 $ 5

Trading account liabilities

Securities sold, not

yet purchased 28 (12) — 26 (13) 111 — — (136) 28 (3)

Derivatives, net

(3)

Interest rate contracts 905 (112) — (132) 143 (54) — 43 (278) 739 (416)

Foreign exchange contracts 783 (327) — (21) (79) 405 — — (382) 1,033 (313)

Equity contracts 1,330 (162) — 246 (368) 333 — 103 (103) 1,703 (535)

Commodity contracts (388) 352 — (62) 160 (5) — 22 97 (528) 529

Credit derivatives (17) (79) — 32 (44) (9) — — (11) 30 19

Total derivatives, net

(3)

2,613 (328) — 63 (188) 670 — 168 (677) 2,977 (716)

Brokerage payables — — — — — — — — — — —

Short-term borrowings 483 (82) — 88 (547) — 478 — (286) 298 (35)

Long-term debt 22,842 672 — 3,688 (13,949) — 4,702 — (3,206) 13,405 679

Net realized/unrealized

gains (losses) incl. in

(1)

Transfers

(1) Net realized/unrealized gains (losses) are presented as increase (decrease) to Level 3 assets, and as (increase) decrease to Level 3

liabilities.

(2) Represents the amount of total gains or losses for the period, included in earnings (and AOCI for changes in DVA on fair value option

liabilities), attributable to the change in fair value relating to assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 that are stil l held at December

31, 2024.

(3) Total Level 3 trading derivative assets and liabilities have been netted in this table for presentation purposes only.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Level 3 Fair Value Rollforward

Unrealized

gains

Dec. 31, Principal into out of Dec. 31, (losses)

In millions of dollars 2022 transactions Other Level 3 Level 3 Purchases Issuances Sales Settlements

2023

still held

(2)

Assets

Securities borrowed and purchased

under agreements to resell

$ 51 $ 6 $ — $ — $ (2) $ 139 $ — $ — $ (146) $ 48 $ 2

Trading non-derivative assets

Trading mortgage-backed securities

U.S. government-sponsored

agency guaranteed

599 7 — 396 (543) 616 — (495) — 580 14

Residential 166 (5) — 106 (109) 189 — (232) — 115 (6)

Commercial 145 (26) — 203 (88) 118 — (150) — 202 (15)

Total trading mortgage-backed

securities 910 (24) — 705 (740) 923 — (877) — 897 (7)

U.S. Treasury and federal

agency securities 1 (3) — 10 — — — — — 8 —

State and municipal 7 (3) — 21 (2) 1 — (21) — 3 —

Foreign government 47 1 — 8 (41) 106 — (80) — 41 (1)

Corporate 625 55 — 265 (531) 1,206 — (1,017) — 603 (5)

Equity securities 156 64 — 96 (35) 142 — (173) — 250 55

Asset-backed securities 668 24 — 106 (137) 800 — (930) — 531 11

Other trading assets 224 7 — 361 (155) 216 — (434) — 219 7

Total trading non-derivative

assets

2,638 121 — 1,572 (1,641) 3,394 — (3,532) — 2,552 60

Investments in non-marketable

equity securities 227 — 25 5 — 5 — (12) — 250 82

Other financial assets measured

on a recurring basis 715 — (305) 37 (219) — — (163) (1) 64 (20)

Liabilities

Securities loaned and sold under

agreements to repurchase

$ 1,031 $ (5) $ — $ — $ (3) $1,303 $ 24 $ — $(1,970) $ 390 $ —

Trading account liabilities

Securities sold, not

yet purchased 29 (26) — 19 (1) 47 — — (92) 28 (9)

Derivatives, net

(3)

Interest rate contracts 1,315 153 — (35) (86) (24) — (64) (48) 905 (55)

Foreign exchange contracts 982 87 — (45) 13 4 — 6 (90) 783 (224)

Equity contracts 1,386 65 — 164 82 (358) — 110 11 1,330 (132)

Commodity contracts (571) 620 — (273) 499 218 — 15 344 (388) (164)

Credit derivatives 8 (21) — (23) (25) 19 — — (17) (17) (28)

Total derivatives, net

(3)

3,120 904 — (212) 483 (141) — 67 200 2,613 (603)

Brokerage payables 2 — — 36 (38) — — — — — —

Short-term borrowings 38 52 — 62 (31) — 474 — (8) 483 (32)

Long-term debt 22,089 549 — 3,685 (6,866) — 8,311 — (3,828) 22,842 (1,767)

Net realized/unrealized

gains (losses) incl. in

(1)

Transfers

(1) Net realized/unrealized gains (losses) are presented as increase (decrease) to Level 3 assets, and as (increase) decrease to Level 3

liabilities.

(2) Represents the amount of total gains or losses for the period, included in earnings (and AOCI for changes in DVA on fair value option

liabilities), attributable to the change in fair value relating to assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 that are stil l held at December

31, 2023.

(3) Total Level 3 trading derivative assets and liabilities have been netted in th is table for presentation purposes only.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Level 3 Fair Value Transfers

The following were the significant Level 3 transfers for the period December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2024:

• During the 12 months ended December 31, 2024, transfers of Long-term debt were $13.9 billion from Level 3 to

Level 2, and $3.7 billion from Level 2 to Level 3. The Level 3 to Level 2 transfers were primarily the result of

enhanced significance testing of unobservable inputs for certain structured debt instruments. The Level 2 to Level 3

transfers were primarily the result of certain unobservable inputs becoming more significant to the overall valuation

of these instruments. The Level 3 to Level 2 transfers of $457 million related to U.S. government-sponsored agency

guaranteed MBS were due to pricing uncertainty becoming more significant relative to the overall valuation for

certain agency collateralized mortgage obligation (CMO) bonds. In other instances, pricing uncertainty became less

significant relative to the overall valuation for certain agency CMO and interest-only bonds, which resulted in $856

million being transferred from Level 3 to Level 2.

The following were the significant Level 3 transfers for the period December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023:

• During the 12 months ended December 31, 2023, transfers of Long-term debt were $3.7 billion from Level 2 to Level

3. Of the $3.7 billion transfer, approximately $3.0 billion related to interest rate option volatility inputs becoming

unobservable and/or significant relative to their overall valuation, and $0.6 billion related to equity and credit

derivative inputs (in addition to other volatility inputs, e.g., interest rate volatility inputs) becoming unobservable

and/or significant to their overall valuation. In other instances, market changes have resulted in some inputs becoming

more observable, and some unobservable inputs becoming less significant to the overall valuation of the instruments

(e.g., when an option becomes deep-in or deep-out of the money). This has primarily resulted in $6.9 billion of certain

structured long-term debt products being transferred from Level 3 to Level 2 during the 12 months ended December

31, 2023.

Valuation Techniques and Inputs for Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

The Company’s Level 3 inventory consists of both cash instruments and derivatives of varying complexity. The following

tables present the valuation techniques covering the majority of Level 3 inventory and the most significant unobservable inputs

used in Level 3 fair value measurements. Methodologies are applied consistently. Changes in listed inputs period versus period

represent variables that become more, or less, significant, hence their addition or removal from the tables below. Differences

between these tables and amounts presented in the Level 3 Fair Value Rollforward tables represent individually immaterial

items that have been measured using a variety of valuation techniques other than those listed.

Fair Value

(1)

Weighted

As of December 31, 2024 (in millions) Methodology Input

Low

(2) (3)

High

(2) (3)

Average

(4)

Assets

Securities borrowed and purchased

under agreements to resell $ 47 Model-based Interest rate 3.81 % 3.81 % 3.81 %

Mortgage-backed securities $ 230 Yield analysis Yield 5.24 % 18.43 % 9.25 %

172 Price-based Price $ 1.00 $ 84.10 $ 19.56

Corporate, state and municipal,

foreign government and

other debt securities $ 307 Price-based Price $ 0.01 $ 221.16 $ 96.94

Forward price 1.84 % 244.41 % 100.98 %

137 Model-based Equity forward 71.78 % 334.29 % 106.57 %

Equity volatility

0.00 % 145.41 % 19.64 %

Equity securities

(5)

$ 129 Price-based

Price

$ — $ 14,382.07 $ 396.36

Asset-backed securities $ 131 Price-based Price $ 3.46 $ 132.54 $ 74.58

47 Yield analysis Yield 5.85 % 12.76 % 8.07 %

Non-marketable equity $ 73 Comparables analysis Illiquidity discount 10.00 % 33.00 % 19.01 %

EBITDA multiples 16.20x 16.20x 16.20x

45 Model-based Discount rate 17.50 % 17.50 % 17.50 %

22 Price-based Price $ 0.99 $ 2,960.96 $ 1,766.86

Derivatives – Gross

(6)

Interest rate contracts

(gross) $ 2,072 Model-based IR normal volatility 0.67 % 15.00 % 1.22 %

Equity volatility

0.00 % 145.41 % 23.48 %

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Fair Value

(1)

Weighted

As of December 31, 2024 (in millions) Methodology Input

Low

(2) (3)

High

(2) (3)

Average

(4)

Foreign exchange contracts

(gross) $ 1,464 Model-based IR normal volatility 0.04 % 20.00 % 1.34 %

Yield 1.69 % 46.32 % 9.26 %

IR basis (7.50) % 64.75 % 1.91 %

Equity contracts (gross)

(7)

$ 4,031 Model-based

Equity volatility

0.00 % 145.41 % 27.04 %

Equity forward 71.78 % 334.29 % 106.30 %

Equity-FX correlation (93.33) % 70.00 % (18.66) %

Equity-IR correlation (34.00) % 60.00 % 27.29 %

Equity-Equity correlation (36.22) % 99.00 % 72.43 %

FX volatility 0.00 % 90.69 % 9.15 %

Commodity contracts

(gross) $ 1,351 Model-based Forward price 1.84 % 244.41 % 117.88 %

Commodity volatility 7.14 % 285.61 % 38.80 %

Credit derivatives (gross) $ 718 Model-based Recovery rate 20.00 % 72.00 % 41.66 %

Credit spread 8.39 bps 747.27 bps 80.81 bps

Credit spread volatility 38.14 % 81.44 % 68.50 %

391 Price-based Price $ 41.00 $ 103.36 $ 86.43

Upfront points (6.75) % 110.52 % 35.15 %

Structured financing

transactions $ 71 Model-based Forward price 1.84 % 244.41 % 102.92 %

Liabilities

Securities loaned and sold under

agreements to repurchase $ 390 Model-based Interest rate 4.25 % 4.85 % 4.28 %

IR normal volatility 0.67 % 1.13 % 0.93 %

Securities sold, not

yet purchased $ 28 Price-based Price $ — $ 14,382.07 $ 106.77

Short-term borrowings

and long-term debt $ 13,023 Model-based IR normal volatility 0.30 % 20.00 % 1.66 %

Equity volatility

0.00 145.41 % 19.81 %

Equity-IR correlation (34.00) % 60.00 % 27.29 %

Equity-FX correlation (93.33) % 70.00 % (21.44) %

Equity forward 71.78 % 334.29 % 106.62 %

FX volatility 0.00 90.69 % 9.15 %

Fair Value

(1)

Weighted

As of December 31, 2023 (in millions) Methodology Input

Low

(2) (3)

High

(2) (3)

Average

(4)

Assets

Securities borrowed and purchased

under agreements to resell $ 48 Model-based Interest rate 4.00 % 4.00 % 4.00 %

Mortgage-backed securities $ 496 Price-based Price $ 1.14 $ 133.60 $ 39.92

401 Yield analysis Yield 4.63 % 19.08 % 8.93 %

State and municipal, foreign

government, corporate and

other debt securities $ 637 Price-based Price $ 0.01 $ 748.91 $ 104.12

237 Model-based

Forward price

31.70 % 425.51 % 139.16 %

Commodity volatility

6.14 % 106.80 % 35.40 %

Commodity correlation

(45.33) % 93.02 % 57.68 %

Equity securities

(5)

$ 236 Price-based

Price

$ — $ 12,189.17 $ 135.73

Appraised value

$ 4,380,000 $ 19,920,921 $ 17,212,339

Asset-backed securities $ 474 Price-based Price $ 3.50 $ 129.00 $ 65.81

57 Yield analysis Yield 5.93 % 18.86 % 8.57 %

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Fair Value

(1)

Weighted

As of December 31, 2023 (in millions) Methodology Input

Low

(2) (3)

High

(2) (3)

Average

(4)

Non-marketable equity $ 241 Comparables analysis PE ratio 9.30x 16.50x 11.37x

Illiquidity discount 10.00 % 10.00 % 10.00 %

EBITDA multiples 15.80x 15.80x 15.80x

Derivatives – Gross

(6)

Interest rate contracts

(gross) $ 2,126 Model-based IR normal volatility 0.32 % 15.00 % 1.03 %

Inflation volatility 0.42 % 8.22 % 1.19 %

Foreign exchange contracts

(gross) $ 1,165 Model-based IR normal volatility 0.04 % 20.00 % 1.21 %

Equity contracts (gross)

(7)

$ 4,327 Model-based

Equity volatility

0.10 % 334.35 % 37.57 %

Equity forward 54.14 % 273.54 % 101.04 %

Equity-FX correlation (79.00) % 70.00 % (7.68) %

Equity-IR correlation (30.00) % 44.00 % 23.20 %

Equity-Equity correlation (6.49) % 97.44 % 80.42 %

FX volatility 0.05 % 113.13 % 9.74 %

Commodity contracts $ 1,537 Model-based Forward price 31.70 % 425.51 % 139.59 %

(gross) Commodity volatility 14.72 % 149.99 % 37.32 %

Commodity correlation (45.33) % 93.02 % 51.42 %

Credit derivatives (gross) $ 731 Model-based Credit spread 8 bps 668 bps 74 bps

283 Price-based Recovery rate 20.00 % 40.00 % 35.63 %

Credit spread volatility 23.94 % 115.66 % 50.23 %

Price $ 7.50 $ 100.76 $ 72.47

Upfront points 1.90 % 117.31 % 54.52 %

Structured financing

transactions $ 63 Model-based Forward price 33.48 % 348.43 % 115.47 %

Commodity volatility 26.51 % 66.80 % 31.79 %

Commodity correlation (45.33) % 93.02 % (7.28) %

Liabilities

Securities loaned and sold under

agreements to repurchase $ 390 Model-based Interest rate 3.92 % 5.27 % 3.96 %

Trading account liabilities

Securities sold, not

yet purchased $ 21 Price-based Price $ — $ 12,189.17 $ 22.43

7 Yield analysis Yield 7.46 % 7.46 % 7.46 %

Short-term borrowings

and long-term debt $ 23,073 Model-based IR normal volatility 0.32 % 20.00 % 1.34 %

Equity volatility 0.10 % 334.35 % 38.86 %

(1) The tables above include the fair values for the items listed and may not represent the total population for each category.

(2) Some inputs are shown as zero due to rounding.

(3) When the low and high inputs are the same, there is either a constant input applied to all positions, or the methodology involving the input

applies to only one large position.

(4) Weighted averages are calculated based on the fair values of the instruments.

(5) For equity securities, the price inputs are expressed on an absolute basis, not as a percentage of the notional amount.

(6) Trading account derivatives—assets and liabilities—are presented on a gross absolute value basis.

(7) Includes hybrid products.

Uncertainty of Fair Value Measurements Relating to Unobservable Inputs

Valuation uncertainty arises when there is insufficient or dispersed market data to allow a precise determination of the exit

value of a fair-valued position or portfolio in today’s market. This is especially prevalent in Level 3 fair value instruments,

where uncertainty exists in valuation inputs that may be both unobservable and significant to the instrument’s (or

portfolio’s) overall fair value measurement. The uncertainties associated with key unobservable inputs on the Level 3 fair

value measurements may not be independent of one another. In addition, the amount and direction of the uncertainty on a

fair value measurement for a given change in an unobservable input depends on the nature of the instrument as well as

whether the Company holds the instrument as an asset or a liability. For certain instruments, the pricing, hedging and risk

management are sensitive to the correlation between various inputs rather than on the analysis and aggregation of the

individual inputs.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following section describes some of the most significant unobservable inputs used by the Company in Level 3 fair

value measurements.

Correlation

Correlation is a measure of the extent to which two or more variables change in relation to each other. A variety of correlation-

related assumptions are required for a wide range of instruments, including equity and credit baskets, foreign exchange

options, Credit Index Tranches and many other instruments. For almost all of these instruments, correlations are not directly

observable in the market and must be calculated using alternative sources, including historical information. Estimating

correlation can be especially difficult where it may vary over time, and calculating correlation information from market data

requires significant assumptions regarding the informational efficiency of the market (e.g., swaption markets). Uncertainty

therefore exists when an estimate of the appropriate level of correlation as an input into some fair value measurements is

required.

Changes in correlation levels can have a substantial impact, favorable or unfavorable, on the value of an instrument, depending

on its nature. A change in the default correlation of the fair value of the underlying bonds comprising a CDO structure would

affect the fair value of the senior tranche. For example, an increase in the default correlation of the underlying bonds would

reduce the fair value of the senior tranche, because highly correlated instruments produce greater losses in the event of default

and a portion of these losses would become attributable to the senior tranche. That same change in default correlation would

have a different impact on junior tranches of the same structure.

Volatility

Volatility represents the speed and severity of market price changes and is a key factor in pricing options. Volatility

generally depends on the tenor of the underlying instrument and the strike price or level defined in the contract. Volatilities

for certain combinations of tenor and strike are not observable and need to be estimated using alternative methods, such as

comparable instruments, historical analysis or other sources of market information. This leads to uncertainty around the

final fair value measurement of instruments with unobservable volatilities.

The general relationship between changes in the value of an instrument (or a portfolio) to changes in volatility also depends

on changes in interest rates and the level of the underlying index. Generally, long option positions (assets) benefit from

increases in volatility, whereas short option positions (liabilities) will suffer losses. Some instruments are more sensitive to

changes in volatility than others. For example, an at-the-money option would experience a greater percentage change in its

fair value than a deep-in-the-money option. In addition, the fair value of an option with more than one underlying security

(e.g., an option on a basket of equities) depends on the volatility of the individual underlying securities as well as their

correlations.

Yield

In some circumstances, the yield of an instrument is not observable in the market and must be estimated from historical

data or from yields of similar securities. This estimated yield may need to be adjusted to capture the characteristics of the

security being valued. Whenever the amount of the adjustment is significant to the value of the security, the fair value

measurement is classified as Level 3.

Adjusted yield is generally used to discount the projected future principal and interest cash flows on instruments, such as

asset-backed securities. Adjusted yield is impacted by changes in the interest rate environment and relevant credit spreads.

Prepayment

Voluntary unscheduled payments (prepayments) change the future cash flows for the investor and thereby change the fair

value of the security. The effect of prepayments is more pronounced for residential mortgage-backed securities. Prepayment

is generally negatively correlated with delinquency and interest rate. A combination of low prepayments and high

delinquencies amplifies each input’s negative impact on a mortgage security’s valuation. As prepayment speeds change, the

weighted-average life of the security changes, which impacts the valuation either positively or negatively, depending upon

the nature of the security and the direction of the change in the weighted-average life.

Recovery

Recovery is the proportion of the total outstanding balance of a bond or loan that is expected to be collected in a liquidation

scenario. For many credit securities (e.g., commercial mortgage-backed securities), the expected recovery amount of a

defaulted property is typically unknown until a liquidation of the property is imminent. The assumed recovery of a security

may differ from its actual recovery that will be observable in the future. Generally, an increase in the recovery rate assumption

increases the fair value of the security. An increase in loss severity, the inverse of the recovery rate, reduces the amount of

principal available for distribution and, as a result, decreases the fair value of the security.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Credit Spread

Credit spread is a component of the security representing its credit quality. Credit spread reflects the market perception of

changes in prepayment, delinquency and recovery rates, therefore capturing the impact of other variables on the fair value.

Changes in credit spread affect the fair value of securities differently depending on the characteristics and maturity profile

of the security. For example, credit spread is a more significant driver of the fair value measurement of a high-yield bond

as compared to an investment-grade bond. Generally, the credit spread for an investment-grade bond is also more

observable and less volatile than its high-yield counterpart.

Estimated Fair Value of Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value

The following tables present the carrying value and fair value of the Company’s financial instruments that are not carried

at fair value. The tables below therefore exclude items measured at fair value on a recurring basis presented in the tables

above.

The disclosure also excludes leases, affiliate investments and tax-related items. Also, as required, the disclosure excludes

the effect of taxes, any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the entire holdings of a

particular instrument and other expenses that would be incurred in a market transaction. In addition, the tables exclude the

values of non-financial assets and liabilities, which are integral to a full assessment of the Company’s financial position

and the value of its net assets.

Fair values vary from period to period based on changes in a wide range of factors, including interest rates, credit quality

and market perceptions of value, and as existing assets and liabilities run off and new transactions are entered into.

Estimated fair value

Carrying Estimated

In billions of dollars value fair value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3

Assets

Securities borrowed and purchased under

agreements to resell $ 87.6 $ 87.6 $ — $ 87.6 $ —

Brokerage receivables 42.4 42.4 — — 42.4

Loans to affiliates 90.6 90.6 — 90.6 —

Other financial assets

(1)

28.8 28.8 13.4 6.0 9.4

Liabilities

Securities loaned and sold under

agreements to repurchase $ 218.6 $ 218.6 $ — $ 218.6 $ —

Brokerage payables 65.0 65.0 — — 65.0

Long-term debt 96.9 96.9 — 92.1 4.8

Other financial liabilities

(2)

23.3 23.3 — 19.6 3.7

December 31, 2024

Estimated fair value

Carrying Estimated

In billions of dollars value fair value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3

Assets

Securities borrowed and purchased under

agreements to resell $ 95.5 $ 95.5 $ — $ 95.5 $ —

Brokerage receivables 50.6 50.6 — — 50.6

Loans to affiliates 92.1 92.1 — 92.1 —

Other financial assets

(1)

33.5 33.5 15.1 8.7 9.7

Liabilities

Securities loaned and sold under

agreements to repurchase $ 247.4 $ 247.4 $ — $ 247.4 $ —

Brokerage payables 70.3 70.3 — — 70.3

Long-term debt 92.1 92.1 — 88.4 3.7

Other financial liabilities

(2)

18.9 18.9 — 15.3 3.6

December 31, 2023

(1) Includes cash and cash equivalents, cash segregated under federal and other regulations and other financial instruments included

in Other assets on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition, for all of which the carrying value is a reasonable estimate

of fair value.

(2) Includes short-term borrowings (carried at cost) and other financial instruments included in Other liabilities on the Consolidated

Statement of Financial Condition, for all of which the carrying value is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

13. FAIR VALUE ELECTIONS

The Company may elect to report most financial instruments at fair value on an instrument-by-instrument basis with changes

in fair value reported in earnings, other than DVA (see below). The election is made upon the initial recognition of an eligible

financial asset, financial liability or when certain specified reconsideration events occur. The fair value election may not

otherwise be revoked once an election is made. The changes in fair value are recorded in current earnings. Movements in

DVA are reported as a component of AOCI. Additional discussion regarding the applicable areas in which fair value elections

were made is presented in Note 12.

The following table presents the changes in fair value of those items for which the fair value option has been elected:

In millions of dollars 2024 2023

Assets

Securities borrowed and purchased under agreements to resell $ 28 $ 277

Trading account assets 6 —

Other financial assets 234 (297)

Total assets $ 268 $ (20)

Liabilities

Securities loaned and sold under agreements to repurchase $ 46 $ (216)

Trading account liabilities 29 303

Short-term borrowings

(1)

212 52

Long-term debt

(1)

(6,293) (10,738)

Total liabilities $ (6,006) $ (10,599)

Changes in fair value—gains (losses)

for the years ended December 31,

(1) Includes DVA that is included in AOCI. See Note 12.

Own Debt Valuation Adjustments (DVA)

Own debt valuation adjustments are recognized on the Company’s liabilities for which the fair value option has been elected

using the Company’s credit spreads observed in the bond market. Changes in fair value of fair value option liabilities related

to changes in the Company’s own credit spreads (DVA) are reflected as a component of AOCI.

Among other variables, the fair value of liabilities for which the fair value option has been elected (other than non-recourse

debt and similar liabilities) is impacted by the narrowing or widening of the Company’s credit spreads.

The estimated changes in the fair value of these non-derivative liabilities due to such changes in the Company’s own credit

spread (or instrument-specific credit risk) were a loss of $452 million and a loss of $817 million for the years ended December

31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Changes in fair value resulting from changes in instrument-specific credit risk were estimated

by incorporating the Company’s current credit spreads observable in the bond market into the relevant valuation technique

used to value each liability as described above.

The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

Selected Portfolios of Securities Purchased Under Agreements to Resell, Securities Borrowed, Securities Sold Under

Agreements to Repurchase, Securities Loaned and Certain Uncollateralized Short-Term Borrowings

The Company elected the fair value option for certain portfolios of fixed income securities purchased under agreements to

resell and fixed income securities sold under agreements to repurchase, securities borrowed, securities loaned and certain

uncollateralized short-term borrowings held primarily by broker-dealer entities in the United States and the United

Kingdom. In each case, the election was made because the related interest rate risk is managed on a portfolio basis,

primarily with offsetting derivative instruments that are accounted for at fair value through earnings.

Changes in fair value for transactions in these portfolios are recorded in Principal transactions. The related interest income

and interest expense are measured based on the contractual rates specified in the transactions and are reported as Interest

income and Interest expense in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Other Financial Assets

The Company elected the fair value option for structured commodity inventory financing transactions related to metals, crude

and refined oil products. These transactions are carried at fair value to offset the derivatives executed to economically hedge

these transactions. The Company also elected the fair value option for other loans related to derivative transactions. Changes

in fair value for these transactions are recorded in Principal transactions.

Certain Debt Liabilities

The Company has elected the fair value option for certain debt liabilities, because these exposures are considered to be trading-

related positions and, therefore, are managed on a fair value basis. These positions are classified as Long-term debt or Short-

term borrowings on the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition.

The following table provides information about the carrying value of notes carried at fair value, disaggregated by type of

risk:

In millions of dollars December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023

Equity linked $ 44,920 $ 47,021

Interest rate linked 35,527 39,167

Credit linked 4,672 3,348

Commodity linked 2,497 2,367

Foreign exchange linked 79 48

Total $ 87,695 $ 91,951

The portion of the changes in fair value attributable to changes in the Company’s own credit spreads (DVA) is reflected as a

component of AOCI while all other changes in fair value are reported in Principal transactions. Changes in the fair value of

these liabilities include accrued interest, which is also included in the change in fair value reported in Principal transactions.

Certain Non-Structured Liabilities

The Company has elected the fair value option for certain non-structured liabilities with fixed and floating interest rates. The

Company has elected the fair value option where the interest rate risk of such liabilities may be economically hedged with

derivative contracts or the proceeds are used to purchase financial assets that will also be accounted for at fair value through

earnings. The elections have been made to mitigate accounting mismatches and to achieve operational simplifications. These

positions are reported in Short-term borrowings and Long-term debt on the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Financial

Condition. The portion of the changes in fair value attributable to changes in the Company’s own credit spreads (i.e., DVA)

is reflected as a component of AOCI while all other changes in fair value are reported in Principal transactions.

Interest expense on non-structured liabilities is measured based on the contractual interest rates and reported as Interest

expense in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

The following table provides information about long-term debt and short-term borrowings carried at fair value:

December 31, December 31,

In millions of dollars 2024 2023

Long-term debt

Carrying amount reported on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition

$ 87,695 $ 91,951

Aggregate unpaid principal balance in excess of (less than) fair value (1,019) (2,200)

Short-term borrowings

Carrying amount reported on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition

$ 9,793 $ 5,175

Aggregate unpaid principal balance in excess of (less than) fair value (147) (61)

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

14. COLLATERAL, GUARANTEES AND COMMITMENTS

Collateral

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the approximate fair value of securities collateral received by the Company that may be

resold or repledged, excluding the impact of allowable netting, was $788 billion and $805 billion, respectively. This

collateral was received in connection with resale agreements, securities borrowings and loans, securities for securities

lending transactions, derivative transactions and margined broker loans.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, a substantial portion of the collateral received by the Company had been sold or repledged

in connection with repurchase agreements, securities sold, not yet purchased, securities lendings, pledges to clearing

organizations, segregation requirements under securities laws and regulations, derivative transactions and bank loans.

Guarantees

CGMHI provides a variety of guarantees and indemnifications to its customers to enhance their credit standing and enable

them to complete a wide range of business transactions. For certain contracts meeting the definition of a guarantee, the

guarantor must recognize, at inception, a liability for the fair value of the obligation undertaken in issuing the guarantee.

In addition, the guarantor must disclose the maximum potential amount of future payments that the guarantor could be

required to make under the guarantee, if there were a total default by the guaranteed parties. The determination of the

maximum potential future payments is based on the notional amount of the guarantees without consideration of possible

recoveries under recourse provisions or from collateral held or pledged. As such, CGMHI believes such amounts bear no

relationship to the anticipated losses, if any, on these guarantees.

Derivative Instruments Considered to Be Guarantees

Derivatives are financial instruments whose cash flows are based on a notional amount and an underlying instrument,

reference credit or index, where there is little or no initial investment and whose terms require or permit net settlement.

See Note 10 for a discussion of CGMHI’s derivatives activities.

Derivative instruments considered to be guarantees include only those instruments that require CGMHI to make payments

to the counterparty based on changes in an underlying instrument that is related to an asset, a liability or an equity security

held by the guaranteed party. More specifically, derivative instruments considered to be guarantees include certain over-

the-counter written put options where the counterparty is not a bank, hedge fund or broker-dealer (such counterparties are

considered to be dealers in these markets and may, therefore, not hold the underlying instruments). Credit derivatives sold

by CGMHI are excluded from the guarantees disclosure as they are disclosed separately in Note 10. In instances where

CGMHI’s maximum potential future payment is unlimited, the notional amount of the contract is disclosed.

As of December 31, 2024, the maximum potential amount of future payments on derivative instruments considered to be

guarantees was $9.1 billion, including $4.9 billion expiring within one year. As of December 31, 2023, the maximum

potential amount of future payments on derivative instruments considered to be guarantees was $9.9 billion, including $3.8

billion expiring within one year. The carrying amount of the liabilities related to these derivative instruments considered

to be guarantees was $100 million and $79 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and is recorded at fair

value in Trading account liabilities.

Other Guarantees and Indemnifications

Representation and Warranty Indemnifications

In the normal course of business, the Company provides standard representations and warranties to counterparties in

contracts in connection with numerous transactions and also provides indemnifications, including indemnifications that

protect the counterparties to the contracts in the event that additional taxes are owed, due either to a change in the tax law

or an adverse interpretation of the tax law. Counterparties to these transactions provide the Company with comparable

indemnifications. While such representations, warranties and indemnifications are essential components of many

contractual relationships, they do not represent the underlying business purpose for the transactions. The indemnification

clauses are often standard contractual terms related to the Company’s own performance under the terms of a contract and

are entered into in the normal course of business based on an assessment that the risk of loss is remote. Often these clauses

are intended to ensure that terms of a contract are met at inception. No compensation is received for these standard

representations and warranties, and it is not possible to determine their fair value because they rarely, if ever, result in a

payment. In many cases, there are no stated or notional amounts included in the indemnification clauses, and the

contingencies potentially triggering the obligation to indemnify have not occurred and are not expected to occur. As a

result, there are no amounts reflected on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition as of De cember 31, 2024 and

2023 for potential obligations that could arise from these indemnifications provided by the Company.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Value-Transfer Networks (Including Exchanges and Clearing Houses) (VTNs)

The Company is a member of, or shareholder in, a number of value-transfer networks (VTNs) (payment, clearing and

settlement systems as well as exchanges) around the world. As a condition of membership, many of these VTNs require

that members stand ready to pay a pro rata share of the losses incurred by the organization due to another member’s default

on its obligations. The Company’s potential obligations may be limited to its membership interests in the VTNs,

contributions to the VTN’s funds, or, in certain narrow cases, to the full pro rata share. CGMHI had $14.5 billion and $15.8

billion in capped contingent liquidity facilities with VTNs as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The maximum

exposure is difficult to estimate as this would require an assessment of claims that have not yet occurred; however, the

Company believes the risk of loss is remote given historical experience with the VTNs. Accordingly, there are no amounts

reflected on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 for potential obligations

that could arise from the Company’s involvement with VTN associations.

Futures and Over-the-Counter Derivatives Clearing

CGMHI provides clearing services on central clearing parties (CCP) for clients that need to clear exchange-traded and

over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives contracts with CCPs. Based on all relevant facts and circumstances, CGMHI has

concluded that it acts as an agent for accounting purposes in its role as clearing member for these client transactions. As

such, CGMHI does not reflect the underlying exchange-traded or OTC derivatives contracts in its Consolidated Financial

Statements. See Note 10 for a discussion of CGMHI’s derivatives activities that are reflected in its Consolidated Financial

Statements.

As a clearing member, CGMHI collects and remits cash and securities collateral (margin) between its clients and the

respective CCP. In certain circumstances, CGMHI collects a higher amount of cash (or securities) from its clients than it

needs to remit to the CCPs. This excess cash is then held at customer segregated depository institutions such as banks or

custodians.

There are two types of margin: initial and variation. Where CGMHI obtains benefits from or controls cash initial margin

(e.g., retains an interest spread), cash initial margin collected from clients and remitted to the CCP or depository institutions

is reflected within Brokerage payables (payables to customers) and Brokerage receivables (receivables from brokers,

dealers and clearing organizations) or Cash segregated under federal and other regulations, respectively.

However, for exchange-traded and OTC-cleared derivatives contracts where CGMHI does not obtain benefits from or

control the client cash balances, the client cash initial margin collected from clients and remitted to the CCP or depository

institutions is not reflected on the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition. These conditions are met

when CGMHI has contractually agreed with the client that (i) CGMHI will pass through to the client all interest paid by

the CCP or depository institutions on the cash initial margin, (ii) CGMHI will not utilize its right as a clearing member to

transform cash margin into other assets, (iii) CGMHI does not guarantee and is not liable to the client for the performance

of the CCP or the depository institution and (iv) the client cash balances are legally isolated from CGMHI’s bankruptcy

estate. The total amount of cash initial margin collected and remitted in this manner was approximately $12.6 billion and

$15.0 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Variation margin due from clients to the respective CCP, or from the CCP to clients, reflects changes in the value of the

client’s derivative contracts for each trading day. As a clearing member, CGMHI is exposed to the risk of non-performance

by clients (e.g., failure of a client to post variation margin to the CCP for negative changes in the value of the client’s

derivative contracts). In the event of non-performance by a client, CGMHI would move to close out the client’s positions.

The CCP would typically utilize initial margin posted by the client and held by the CCP, with any remaining shortfalls

required to be paid by CGMHI as clearing member. CGMHI generally holds incremental cash or securities margin posted

by the client, which would typically be expected to be sufficient to mitigate CGMHI’s credit risk in the event that the client

fails to perform.

As required by ASC 860-30-25-5, securities collateral posted by clients is not recognized on the Company’s Consolidated

Statement of Financial Condition.

FICC Sponsored Member Repo Program

The Company acts as a sponsoring member of the Government Securities Division of the Fixed Income Clearing

Corporation (FICC) to clear eligible resale and repurchase agreements on behalf of its clients that become sponsored

members of the FICC. The Company, as sponsoring member, is required to provide a guarantee to the FICC with respect

to the prompt payment and performance of its sponsored members. The Company had $139.5 billion and $27.7 billion in

guarantees to the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation under the sponsored member repo program as of December 31, 2024

and 2023, respectively. Because the Company obtains a security interest in the cash or high-quality securities collateral

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

that the clients place with the clearing house, CGMHI expects the risk of loss from this guarantee to be remote. See Note

6 for additional information on CGMHI’s resale and repurchase agreements, including risk mitigation practices for these

transactions.

Margin Loan Indemnifications

CGMHI had margin loan indemnification agreements of $875 million and $740 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023,

respectively. The commitments to potentially indemnify do not relate to a loan on CGMH’s Consolidated Statement of

Financial Condition, nor a commitment to extend a loan. The contingencies potentially triggering the obligation to

indemnify have not occurred and are not expected to occur. As a result, there are no amounts reflected on the Consolidated

Statement of Financial Condition as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 for potential obligations that could arise from these

indemnifications provided by the Company.

Unsettled Reverse Repurchase and Securities Borrowing Agreements and Unsettled Repurchase and Securities Lending

Agreements

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into reverse repurchase and securities borrowing agreements, as well

as repurchase and securities lending agreements, which settle at a future date. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the

Company had approximately $81.4 billion and $105.2 billion of unsettled reverse repurchase and securities borrowing

agreements, and approximately $103.6 billion and $84.9 billion of unsettled repurchase and securities lending agreements,

respectively. See Note 6 for a further discussion of securities purchased under agreements to resell and securities borrowed,

and securities sold under agreements to repurchase and securities loaned, including the Company’s policy for offsetting

repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements.

Other Financing Commitments

Other CGMHI financing commitments of $3.0 billion and $3.1 billion at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023,

respectively, include commitments to enter into collateralized financing transactions.

15. LEASES

The Company’s operating leases, where CGMHI is a lessee, include real estate, such as office space and branches, and

various types of equipment. These leases may contain renewal and extension options and early termination features;

however, these options do not impact the lease term unless the Company is reasonably certain that it will exercise options.

These leases have a weighted-average remaining lease term of approximately 12 years and 13 years as of December 31,

2024 and 2023, respectively.

The following table presents information on the right-of-use (ROU) asset and lease liabilities included in Other assets and

Other liabilities, respectively:

December 31, December 31,

In millions of dollars 2024 2023

ROU asset $ 547 $ 580

Lease liability 514 541

The Company recognizes fixed lease costs on a straight-line basis throughout the lease term in the Consolidated Statement

of Operations. In addition, variable lease costs are recognized in the period in which the obligation for those payments is

incurred.

The following table presents the total operating lease expense (principally for offices, branches and equipment) included

in the Consolidated Statement of Operations:

December 31, December 31, December 31,

In millions of dollars 2024 2023 2022

Operating lease expense $ 247 $ 225 $ 187

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

CGMHI’s cash outflows related to operating leases were $247 million and $225 million for the years ended December 31,

2024 and 2023, respectively, while the future lease payments are as follows:

In millions of dollars

2025 $ 55

2026 53

2027 52

2028 50

2029 48

Thereafter 357

Total future lease payments

615

Less imputed interest (based on weighted-average

discount rate of 2.9%) (101)

Lease liability

$ 514

16. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Citigroup Inc. owns 100% of the outstanding common stock of the Company. Pursuant to various intercompany

agreements, a number of significant transactions are carried out between the Company and Citigroup and/or their affiliates,

including the Citigroup parent company.

Below is a summary of the Company’s transactions with other Citigroup affiliates, which are included in the accompanying

Consolidated Statement of Operations and Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition. These amounts exclude intra-

CGMHI balances that eliminate in consolidation.

STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS ITEMS

Years ended December 31,

In millions of dollars 2024 2023 2022

Revenues

Principal transactions gains (losses)

(1)

(2,146)$ 88$ (10,532)$

Investment banking 249 204 125

Other revenue (losses) (32) (46) (56)

Total non-interest revenue (losses) (1,929) 246 (10,463)

Interest income 6,598 6,871 2,324

Interest expense 8,710 9,695 4,358

Net interest income (expense) (2,112) (2,824) (2,034)

Total revenues (losses), net of interest expense (4,041)$ (2,578)$ (12,497)$

Operating expenses

(2)

Technology/communication 993$ 1,256$ 1,184$

Occupancy 208 225 201

Other operating 1,895 1,750 1,320

Total operating expenses

3,096$ 3,231$ 2,705$

(1) Principal transactions revenue consists of realized and unrealized gains and losses from trading activities with non -

consolidated CGMHI affiliates. Includes gains and losses on derivatives with non-consolidated CGMHI affiliates,

but does not include the gains and losses related to any offsetting derivatives executed with third parties external

to CGMHI, which are an integral part of trading activities profitability.

(2) Includes expenses from Citigroup affiliates for shared services and charges, as well as fees for the early termination

of debt with Citigroup affiliates.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL CONDITION ITEMS

December 31, December 31,

In millions of dollars 2024 2023

Assets

Cash and cash equivalents 8,250$ 8,090$

Cash segregated under federal and other regulations 2,811 7,275

Securities borrowed and purchased under agreements to resell 19,184 21,707

Derivatives 1,852 944

Loans to affiliates 90,647 92,063

Brokerage receivables and other assets 1,469 2,539

Total assets 124,213$ 132,618$

Liabilities

Short-term borrowings 5,627$ 5,699$

Securities loaned and sold under agreements to repurchase 26,698 48,029

Derivatives 2,797 2,935

Brokerage payables 9,701 13,167

Other liabilities 2,715 2,370

Long-term debt 95,036 91,344

Total liabilities 142,574$ 163,544$

Stock-Based Compensation and Retirement Benefits

As discussed in Note 4, the Company participates in various Citigroup stock-based compensation programs under which

Citigroup stock or stock options are granted to certain of the Company’s employees. CGMHI has no stock-based

compensation programs in which its own stock is granted. CGMHI pays Citigroup directly for participation in certain of

its stock-based compensation programs.

CGMHI Tax-Sharing Agreement

As discussed in Note 5, CGMHI is included in the Citigroup consolidated federal tax return and is a party to a tax-sharing

agreement with Citigroup. Under such agreement, CGMHI is entitled to a tax benefit for its losses and credits that are

recognized in Citigroup's Consolidated Financial Statements. Settlements between CGMHI and Citigroup of current taxes

occur throughout the year. CGMHI also files its consolidated and combined state income tax returns with Citigroup and/or

others of its subsidiaries.

Citigroup’s Resolution Plan

In connection with the filing of Citigroup’s 2017 Resolution Plan with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve

Board (FRB) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) pursuant to Title I of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street

Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (Dodd-Frank Act), Citigroup executed an inter-affiliate agreement (the “Citi

Support Agreement”) with Citicorp, Citigroup’s operating material legal entities (as identified in the public section of

Citigroup’s 2023 Resolution Plan, which can be found on the FRB’s and FDIC’s websites), and certain other affiliated

entities pursuant to which Citicorp is required to provide liquidity and capital support to Citigroup’s operating material

legal entities, including CGMHI, in the event Citigroup were to enter bankruptcy proceedings.

Other Intercompany Agreements

Citigroup and its subsidiaries engage in other transactions and servicing activities with CGMHI, including cash

management, data processing, telecommunications, payroll processing and administration, facilities procurement,

underwriting and others.

The Company recognized payroll tax and other payroll expenses related to CGMHI employees of approximately $128 million,

$122 million, and $110 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, whereby affiliates

manage CGMHI’s payroll processes and CGMHI reimburses the affiliates for these payroll expenses.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

17. CONTINGENCIES

Accounting and Disclosure Framework

ASC 450 governs the disclosure and recognition of loss contingencies, including potential losses from litigation, regulatory,

tax and other matters. ASC 450 defines a “loss contingency” as “an existing condition, situation, or set of circumstances

involving uncertainty as to possible loss to an entity that will ultimately be resolved when one or more future events occur

or fail to occur.” It imposes different requirements for the recognition and disclosure of loss contingencies based on the

likelihood of occurrence of the contingent future event or events. It distinguishes among degrees of likelihood using the

following three terms: “probable,” meaning that “the future event or events are likely to occur”; “remote,” meaning that

“the chance of the future event or events occurring is slight”; and “reasonably possible,” meaning that “the chance of the

future event or events occurring is more than remote but less than likely.” These three terms are used below as defined in

ASC 450. In establishing appropriate disclosure and recognition for loss contingencies, management assesses each matter

including the role of the relevant Citigroup legal entity. Because specific loss contingency matters may involve multiple

Citigroup legal entities and are not solely related to one legal entity, this process requires management to make certain

estimates and judgments that affect the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

Accruals. ASC 450 requires accrual for a loss contingency when it is “probable that one or more future events will occur

confirming the fact of loss” and “the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated.” In accordance with ASC 450,

Citigroup establishes accruals for contingencies, including any litigation, regulatory or tax matters disclosed herein, when

Citigroup believes it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. When

the reasonable estimate of the loss is within a range of amounts, the minimum amount of the range is accrued, unless some

higher amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount within the range. Once established, accruals are

adjusted from time to time, as appropriate, in light of additional information. The amount of loss ultimately incurred in

relation to those matters may be substantially higher or lower than the amounts accrued for those matters.

Disclosure. ASC 450 requires disclosure of a loss contingency if “there is at least a reasonable possibility that a loss or an

additional loss may have been incurred” and there is no accrual for the loss because the conditions described above are not

met or an exposure to loss exists in excess of the amount accrued. In accordance with ASC 450, if Citigroup has not accrued

for a matter because Citigroup believes that a loss is reasonably possible but not probable, or that a loss is probable but not

reasonably estimable, and the reasonably possible loss is material, it discloses the loss contingency. In addition, Citigroup

discloses matters for which it has accrued if it believes a reasonably possible exposure to material loss exists in excess of

the amount accrued. In accordance with ASC 450, Citigroup’s disclosure includes an estimate of the reasonably possible

loss or range of loss for those matters as to which an estimate can be made. ASC 450 does not require disclosure of an

estimate of the reasonably possible loss or range of loss where an estimate cannot be made. Neither accrual nor disclosure

is required for losses that are deemed remote.

Litigation, Regulatory, and Other Contingencies

Overview. In addition to the matters described below, in the ordinary course of business, CGMHI, its parent entity

Citigroup, its affiliates and subsidiaries, and current and former officers, directors and employees (for purposes of this

section, sometimes collectively referred to as Citigroup and Related Parties) routinely are named as defendants in, or as

parties to, various legal actions and proceedings. Certain of these actions and proceedings assert claims or seek relief in

connection with alleged violations of consumer protection, securities, banking, antifraud, antitrust, anti-money laundering,

employment and other statutory and common laws. Certain of these actual or threatened legal actions and proceedings

include claims for substantial or indeterminate compensatory or punitive damages, or for injunctive relief, and in some

instances seek recovery on a class-wide basis.

In the ordinary course of business, Citigroup and Related Parties also are subject to governmental and regulatory

examinations, information-gathering requests, investigations and proceedings (both formal and informal), certain of which

may result in adverse judgments, settlements, fines, penalties, restitution, disgorgement, injunctions or other relief. In

addition, certain affiliates and subsidiaries of CGMHI are banks, registered broker-dealers, futures commission merchants,

investment advisors or other regulated entities and, in those capacities, are subject to regulation by various U.S., state and

foreign securities, banking, commodity futures, consumer protection and other regulators. In connection with formal and

informal inquiries by these regulators, Citigroup and such affiliates and subsidiaries receive numerous requests, subpoenas

and orders seeking documents, testimony and other information in connection with various aspects of their regulated

activities. From time to time Citigroup and Related Parties also receive grand jury subpoenas and other requests for

information or assistance, formal or informal, from federal or state law enforcement agencies including, among others,

various United States Attorneys’ Offices, the Money Laundering and Asset Recovery Section and other divisions of the

Department of Justice, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network of the United States Department of the Treasury, and

the Federal Bureau of Investigation relating to Citigroup and its customers.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Because of the global scope of Citigroup’s operations and its presence in countries around the world, Citigroup and Related

Parties are subject to litigation and governmental and regulatory examinations, information-gathering requests,

investigations and proceedings (both formal and informal) in multiple jurisdictions with legal, regulatory and tax regimes

that may differ substantially, and present substantially different risks, from those Citigroup and Related Parties are subject

to in the United States. In some instances, Citigroup and Related Parties may be involved in proceedings involving the

same subject matter in multiple jurisdictions, which may result in overlapping, cumulative or inconsistent outcomes.

Citigroup and CGMHI seek to resolve all litigation, regulatory, tax and other matters in the manner management believes

is in the best interests of Citigroup and its shareholders, and contests liability, allegations of wrongdoing and, where

applicable, the amount of damages or scope of any penalties or other relief sought as appropriate in each pending matter.

Inherent Uncertainty of the Matters Disclosed. Certain of the matters disclosed below involve claims for substantial or

indeterminate damages. The claims asserted in these matters typically are broad, often spanning a multiyear period and

sometimes a wide range of business activities, and the plaintiffs’ or claimants’ alleged damages frequently are not

quantified or factually supported in the complaint or statement of claim. Other matters relate to regulatory investigations

or proceedings, as to which there may be no objective basis for quantifying the range of potential fine, penalty or other

remedy. As a result, Citigroup is often unable to estimate the loss in such matters, even if it believes that a loss is probable

or reasonably possible, until developments in the case, proceeding or investigation have yielded additional information

sufficient to support a quantitative assessment of the range of reasonably possible loss. Such developments may include,

among other things, discovery from adverse parties or third parties, rulings by the court on key issues, analysis by retained

experts and engagement in settlement negotiations.

Depending on a range of factors, such as the complexity of the facts, the novelty of the legal theories, the pace of discovery,

the court’s scheduling order, the timing of court decisions and the adverse party’s, regulator’s or other authority’s

willingness to negotiate in good faith toward a resolution, it may be months or years after the filing of a case or

commencement of a proceeding or an investigation before an estimate of the range of reasonably possible loss can be made.

Matters as to Which an Estimate Can Be Made. For some of the matters disclosed below, Citigroup is currently able to

estimate a reasonably possible loss or range of loss in excess of amounts accrued (if any). For some of the matters included

within this estimation, an accrual has been made because a loss is believed to be both probable and reasonably estimable,

but a reasonably possible exposure to loss exists in excess of the amount accrued. In these cases, the estimate reflects the

reasonably possible range of loss in excess of the accrued amount. For other matters included within this estimation, no

accrual has been made because a loss, although estimable, is believed to be reasonably possible, but not probable; in these

cases, the estimate reflects the reasonably possible loss or range of loss.

These estimates are based on currently available information. As available information changes, the matters for which

Citigroup is able to estimate will change, and the estimates themselves will change. In addition, while many estimates

presented in financial statements and other financial disclosures involve significant judgment and may be subject to

significant uncertainty, estimates of the range of reasonably possible loss arising from litigation, regulatory and tax

proceedings are subject to particular uncertainties. For example, at the time of making an estimate, (i) Citigroup may have

only preliminary, incomplete or inaccurate information about the facts underlying the claim, (ii) its assumptions about the

future rulings of the court, other tribunal or authority on significant issues, or the behavior and incentives of adverse parties,

regulators or other authorities, may prove to be wrong and (iii) the outcomes it is attempting to predict are often not

amenable to the use of statistical or other quantitative analytical tools. In addition, from time to time an outcome may occur

that Citigroup had not accounted for in its estimate because it had deemed such an outcome to be remote. For all of these

reasons, the amount of loss in excess of amounts accrued in relation to matters for which an estimate has been made could

be substantially higher or lower than the range of loss included in the estimate.

Matters as to Which an Estimate Cannot Be Made. For other matters disclosed below, Citigroup is not currently able to

estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss. Many of these matters remain in very preliminary stages (even in

some cases where a substantial period of time has passed since the commencement of the matter), with few or no substantive

legal decisions by the court, tribunal or other authority defining the scope of the claims, the class (if any) or the potentially

available damages or other exposure, and fact discovery is still in progress or has not yet begun. In many of these matters,

Citigroup has not yet answered the complaint or statement of claim or asserted its defenses, nor has it engaged in any

negotiations with the adverse party (whether a regulator, taxing authority or a private party). For all these reasons, Citigroup

cannot at this time estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss, if any, for these matters.

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Opinion of Management as to Eventual Outcome. Subject to the foregoing, it is the opinion of Citigroup’s management,

based on current knowledge and after taking into account its current accruals, that the eventual outcome of all matters

described in this Note would not likely have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial condition of CGMHI.

Nonetheless, given the substantial or indeterminate amounts sought in certain of these matters, and the inherent

unpredictability of such matters, an adverse outcome in certain of these matters could, from time to time, have a material

adverse effect on CGMHI’s consolidated results of operations or cash flows in particular quarterly or annual periods.

Foreign Exchange Matters

In 2019, two applications, captioned MICHAEL O’HIGGINS FX CLASS REPRESENTATIVE LIMITED v. BARCLAYS

BANK PLC AND OTHERS and PHILLIP EVANS v. BARCLAYS BANK PLC AND OTHERS, were made to the U.K.’s

Competition Appeal Tribunal requesting permission to commence collective proceedings against Citigroup, Citibank, and

other defendants. On February 8, 2024, Michael O’Higgins FX Class Representative Limited withdrew its application. The

Evans application seeks compensatory damages for losses alleged to have arisen from the actions at issue in the European

Commission’s foreign exchange spot trading infringement decision (European Commission Decision of May 16, 2019 in Case

AT.40135-FOREX (Three Way Banana Split) C(2019) 3631 final). After claimants appealed the U.K. Competition Appeal

Tribunal’s judgment on certification, the Court of Appeal issued a judgment in November 2023 that the U.K. Competition

Appeal Tribunal should not have declined to certify the proceedings. On April 17, 2024, the U.K. Supreme Court granted the

defendants’ permission to appeal the Court of Appeal’s judgment. On September 2, 2024, the U.K. Supreme Court scheduled

a hearing of the appeal for April 1–2, 2025. Additional information concerning these actions is publicly available in court

filings under the case numbers 1329/7/7/19 and 1336/7/7/19 in the U.K. Competition Appeal Tribunal, CA-2022-002002 and

CA-2022-002003 in the Court of Appeal, and UKSC 2023/0177 in the U.K. Supreme Court.

In 2019, a putative class action was filed against Citibank and other defendants, captioned J WISBEY & ASSOCIATES PTY

LTD v. UBS AG & ORS, in the Federal Court of Australia. Plaintiffs allege that defendants manipulated the foreign exchange

markets. Plaintiffs assert claims under antitrust laws and seek compensatory damages and declaratory and injunctive relief.

Additional information concerning this action is publicly available in court filings under the docket number VID567/2019.

In 2019, two motions for certification of class actions filed against Citigroup, Citibank, Citicorp, and other defendants were

consolidated, under the caption GERTLER, ET AL. v. DEUTSCHE BANK AG, in the Tel Aviv Central District Court in

Israel. Plaintiffs allege that defendants manipulated the foreign exchange markets. In August 2021, Citibank’s motion to

dismiss plaintiffs’ petition for certification was denied. In April 2022, the Supreme Court of Israel denied Citibank’s motion

for leave to appeal the Central District Court’s denial of its motion to dismiss. On February 20, 2024, the parties filed a motion

for the Tel Aviv Central District Court to approve a settlement. On September 15, 2024, the parties responded to objections

filed in connection with the proposed settlement. On December 26, 2024, the court held a hearing to consider whether to

approve the settlement. Additional information concerning this action is publicly available in court filings under the docket

number CA 29013-09-18.

On December 13, 2021, a Dutch foundation filed a writ of summons against Citigroup, Citibank, and other defendants,

captioned STICHTING FX CLAIMS v. NATWEST MARKETS N.V., ET AL., in the Amsterdam District Court in the

Netherlands. Claimant seeks damages on behalf of certain institutional investors for losses alleged to have arisen from the

actions at issue in the European Commission’s foreign exchange spot trading infringement decision (European Commission

Decision of May 16, 2019 in Case AT.40135-FOREX (Three Way Banana Split) C(2019) 3631 final). In March 2023, the

court dismissed claims made on behalf of parties located outside the Netherlands and permitted the other claims to go forward.

Claimant appealed that decision and in September 2023 and January 2025 filed new writs of summons asserting similar claims

on behalf of additional institutional investors. Additional information concerning this action is publicly available in court

filings under the case numbers C/13/718639 / HA ZA 22-460 and C/13/743903 / HA ZA 23-1143 in the Amsterdam District

Court and under the case number 200.329.379/01 in the Amsterdam Court of Appeal.

Interbank Offered Rates-Related Litigation and Other Matters

In August 2020, individual borrowers and consumers of loans and credit cards filed an action against Citigroup, Citibank,

CGMI, and other defendants, captioned MCCARTHY, ET AL. v. INTERCONTINENTAL EXCHANGE, INC., ET AL., in

the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Plaintiffs allege that defendants conspired to fix ICE

LIBOR, assert claims under the Sherman Act and the Clayton Act, and seek declaratory relief, injunctive relief, and treble

damages. In October 2022, plaintiffs filed an amended complaint. In October 2023, the district court granted defendants’

motion to dismiss the amended complaint with prejudice for all claims against Citigroup, Citibank, and CGMI. On December

9, 2024, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court’s ruling in all respects. On

December 24, 2024, plaintiffs filed a petition for rehearing en banc. Additional information concerning this action is publicly

available in court filings under the docket numbers 20-CV-5832 (N.D. Cal.) (Donato, J.) and 23-3458 (9th Cir.).

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Interest Rate and Credit Default Swap Litigation

Beginning in 2015, Citigroup, Citibank, CGMI, CGML and numerous other parties were named as defendants in a number of

industry-wide putative class actions related to interest rate swap (IRS) trading. These actions have been consolidated in the

United States District Court for the Southern District of New York under the caption IN RE INTEREST RATE SWAPS

ANTITRUST LITIGATION. The actions allege that defendants colluded to prevent the development of exchange-like trading

for IRS and assert federal and state antitrust claims and claims for unjust enrichment. Also consolidated under the same caption

are individual actions filed by swap execution facilities, asserting federal and state antitrust claims, as well as claims for unjust

enrichment and tortious interference with business relations. Plaintiffs in these actions seek treble damages, fees, costs, and

injunctive relief. Lead plaintiffs in the class action moved for class certification in 2019 and subsequently filed an amended

complaint. On December 15, 2023, the court denied plaintiffs’ motion for class certification. On July 11, 2024, the district

court granted preliminary approval of the parties’ settlement of the class action. On October 10, 2024, the district court issued

an order granting the motion to approve preliminarily the plans of allocation and preliminarily providing for notice to the

settlement class. Additional information concerning these actions is publicly available in court filings under the docket

numbers 18-CV-5361 (S.D.N.Y.) (Oetken, J.) and 16-MD-2704 (S.D.N.Y.) (Oetken, J.) and 24-81 (2d Cir.).

Madoff-Related Litigation

In 2008, a Securities Investor Protection Act (SIPA) trustee was appointed for the SIPA liquidation of Bernard L. Madoff

Investment Securities LLC (BLMIS) in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York. Beginning

in 2010, the SIPA trustee commenced actions against multiple Citi entities, including Citibank, Citicorp North America, Inc.,

and CGML, captioned PICARD v. CITIBANK, N.A., ET AL., seeking recovery of monies that originated at BLMIS and were

allegedly received by the Citi entities as subsequent transferees.

In February 2022, the SIPA trustee filed an amended complaint against Citibank, Citicorp North America, Inc., and CGML.

In April 2022, these Citi entities moved to dismiss the amended complaint, which the bankruptcy court denied. In November

2022, the remaining Citi entities moved to file an interlocutory appeal of the bankruptcy court’s decision, which the district

court denied on March 14, 2024, and answered the amended complaint. Additional information concerning these actions is

publicly available in court filings under the docket numbers 10-5345 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.) (Beckerman, J.) and 22-9597

(S.D.N.Y.) (Gardephe, J.).

Beginning in 2010, the British Virgin Islands liquidators of Fairfield Sentry Limited, whose assets were invested with BLMIS,

commenced multiple actions against CGML, Citibank (Switzerland) AG, Citibank, NA London, Citivic Nominees Ltd.,

Cititrust Bahamas Ltd., and Citibank Korea Inc., captioned FAIRFIELD SENTRY LTD., ET AL. v. CITIGROUP GLOBAL

MARKETS LTD., ET AL.; FAIRFIELD SENTRY LTD., ET AL. v. CITIBANK (SWITZERLAND) AG, ET AL.;

FAIRFIELD SENTRY LTD., ET AL. v. ZURICH CAPITAL MARKETS COMPANY, ET AL.; FAIRFIELD SENTRY

LTD., ET AL. v. CITIBANK NA LONDON, ET AL.; FAIRFIELD SENTRY LTD., ET AL. v. CITIVIC NOMINEES LTD.,

ET AL.; FAIRFIELD SENTRY LTD., ET AL. v. DON CHIMANGO SA, ET AL.; and FAIRFIELD SENTRY LTD., ET AL.

v. CITIBANK KOREA INC. ET AL., in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York. The

actions seek recovery of monies that were allegedly received directly or indirectly from Fairfield Sentry.

In August 2022, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York affirmed various decisions of the

bankruptcy court, which dismissed claims against CGML, Citibank (Switzerland) AG, Citibank, NA London, Citivic

Nominees Ltd., Cititrust Bahamas Ltd., and Citibank Korea Inc., and permitted a single claim against Citibank, NA London,

CGML, Citivic Nominees Ltd., and Citibank (Switzerland) AG to proceed. In September 2022, the liquidators appealed the

district court’s decision dismissing the liquidators’ claims. In September 2022, CGML, Citibank (Switzerland) AG, Citibank,

NA London, and Citivic Nominees Ltd. moved for leave to appeal the district court’s decision permitting the single claim to

proceed against them. In July 2023, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit granted CGML, Citibank

(Switzerland) AG, Citivic Nominees Ltd., and Citibank, NA London leave to appeal the district court’s decision permitting a

single claim to proceed against them and ordered those appeals to be heard in tandem with the liquidators’ pending

consolidated direct appeal.

In May 2023, the liquidators voluntarily dismissed the single pending claim against Citibank (Switzerland) AG and Citivic

Nominees Ltd. without prejudice, but the action continued against other defendants. On January 9, 2025, the liquidators

voluntarily dismissed the entire action with prejudice, thereby permanently disposing of the single pending claim the

liquidators previously voluntarily dismissed without prejudice. The claims previously dismissed by the bankruptcy court

against Citibank (Switzerland) AG and Citivic Nominees Ltd. remain subject to the pending consolidated direct appeal in the

United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and are unaffected by the liquidators’ voluntary dismissals. Additional

information is publicly available in court filings under the docket numbers 10-13164, 10-3496, 10-3622, 10-3634, 10-4100,

10-3640, 11-2770, 12-1142, 12-1298 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.) (Mastando, J.); 19-3911, 19-4267, 19-4396, 19-4484, 19-5106, 19-

5135, 19-5109, 21-2997, 21-3243, 21-3526, 21-3529, 21-3530, 21-3998, 21-4307, 21-4498, 21-4496 (S.D.N.Y.) (Broderick,

J.); and 22-2101 (consolidated lead appeal), 22-2557, 22-2122, 23-697, 22-2562, 22-2216, 22-2545, 22-2308, 22-2591, 22-

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

2502, 22-2553, 22-2398, 22-2582, 23-965 (consolidated lead appeal), 23-549, 23-572, 23-573, 23-975, 23-982, 23-987 (2d

Cir.).

Shareholder Derivative and Securities Litigation

Beginning in October 2020, four derivative actions were filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of

New York, purportedly on behalf of Citigroup (as nominal defendant) against certain of Citigroup’s current and former

directors. The actions were later consolidated under the case name IN RE CITIGROUP INC. SHAREHOLDER

DERIVATIVE LITIGATION. The consolidated complaint asserts claims for breach of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, and

contribution and indemnification in connection with defendants’ alleged failures to implement adequate internal controls. In

addition, the consolidated complaint asserts derivative claims for violations of Sections 10(b) and 14(a) of the Securities

Exchange Act of 1934 in connection with statements in Citigroup’s 2019 and 2020 annual meeting proxy statements. In

February 2021, the court stayed the action pending resolution of defendants’ motion to dismiss in IN RE CITIGROUP

SECURITIES LITIGATION. In April 2023, after defendants’ motion to dismiss was granted in IN RE CITIGROUP

SECURITIES LITIGATION, the court maintained the stay in this action pending resolution of the securities plaintiffs’ motion

for leave to amend the complaint and, if leave is granted, any subsequent motion to dismiss. Additional information concerning

this action is publicly available in court filings under the docket number 1:20-CV-09438 (S.D.N.Y.) (Preska, J.).

Beginning in December 2020, two derivative actions were filed in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, purportedly

on behalf of Citigroup (as nominal defendant) against certain of Citigroup’s current and former directors, and certain current

and former officers. The actions were later consolidated under the case name IN RE CITIGROUP INC. DERIVATIVE

LITIGATION, and the court stayed the action pending resolution of defendants’ motion to dismiss in IN RE CITIGROUP

SECURITIES LITIGATION. In April 2023, a third related derivative action also filed in the Supreme Court of the State of

New York was consolidated for all purposes into this action. That same month, following the dismissal of the securities

complaint in IN RE CITIGROUP SECURITIES LITIGATION, the court maintained the stay in this action pending resolution

of the securities plaintiffs’ motion for leave to amend the complaint and, if leave is granted, any subsequent motion to dismiss.

Additional information concerning this action is publicly available in court filings under the docket number 656759/2020

(N.Y. Sup. Ct.) (Schecter, J.).

On August 2, 2022, a shareholder derivative action captioned LIPSHUTZ ET AL. v. COSTELLO ET AL. was filed in the

United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, purportedly on behalf of Citigroup (as nominal defendant)

against Citigroup’s current directors. The action raises substantially the same claims and allegations as IN RE CITIGROUP

INC. SHAREHOLDER DERIVATIVE LITIGATION. The LIPSHUTZ action additionally asserts that plaintiffs made a

litigation demand on the Citigroup Board of Directors and that the demand was wrongfully refused. In May 2023, on

defendants’ motion, the action was transferred to the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York so

that it could be litigated along with IN RE CITIGROUP INC. SHAREHOLDER DERIVATIVE LITIGATION and IN RE

CITIGROUP SECURITIES LITIGATION. Additional information concerning this action is publicly available in court filings

under the docket number 1:23-CV-04058 (S.D.N.Y.) (Preska, J.).

Beginning in October 2020, three putative class action complaints were filed in the United States District Court for the

Southern District of New York against Citigroup and certain of its current and former officers, asserting violations of Sections

10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 in connection with defendants’ alleged misstatements concerning

Citigroup’s internal controls. The actions were consolidated under the case name IN RE CITIGROUP SECURITIES

LITIGATION. The consolidated complaint later added certain of Citigroup’s current and former directors as defendants. On

March 24, 2023, the court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss without prejudice. On May 24, 2023, plaintiffs moved for

leave to file a second amended complaint against Citigroup and certain of Citigroup’s current or former officers for alleged

violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 based on alleged misstatements concerning risk

management and internal controls. Additional information concerning this action is publicly available in court filings under

the docket number 1:20-CV-09132 (S.D.N.Y.) (Preska, J.).

Sovereign Securities Matters

Regulatory Action: On May 24, 2023, the UK Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) announced that it had provisionally

found that Citigroup, CGML, and four other banks unlawfully shared information related to the buying and selling of British

pound sterling-denominated government bonds issued by the United Kingdom. The CMA noted that Citigroup and CGML

applied for leniency and had reached an agreement to settle with the CMA. On February 21, 2025, the CMA announced

resolutions with Citigroup and CGML related to conduct that occurred between 2011 and 2013 and imposed a fine of £17.16

million.

Antitrust and Other Litigation: In 2018, a putative class action was filed against Citigroup, CGMI, Citigroup Financial

Products Inc., Citigroup Global Markets Holdings Inc., Banamex, Grupo Banamex, and other banks, captioned IN RE

MEXICAN GOVERNMENT BONDS ANTITRUST LITIGATION, in the United States District Court for the Southern

District of New York. The complaint alleges that defendants colluded in the Mexican sovereign bond market. In September

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

2019, the court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss. In December 2019, plaintiffs filed an amended complaint against

Banamex and other market makers in the Mexican sovereign bond market. Plaintiffs no longer assert any claims against

Citigroup or any other U.S. Citi affiliates. The amended complaint alleges a conspiracy to fix prices in the Mexican sovereign

bond market, asserts antitrust and unjust enrichment claims, and seeks treble damages, restitution, and injunctive relief. In

November 2020, the court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss, and the plaintiffs appealed. On February 9, 2024, the United

States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit vacated the dismissal. On June 12, 2024, plaintiffs filed a third amended

complaint. On July 29, 2024, certain defendants, including Banamex, filed a motion to dismiss the third amended complaint.

On January 15, 2025, the court denied the motion to dismiss. Additional information concerning this action is publicly

available in court filings under the docket numbers 18-CV-2830 (S.D.N.Y.) (Oetken, J.) and 22-2039 (2d Cir.).

In February 2021, purchasers of Euro-denominated sovereign debt issued by European central governments added CGMI,

CGML, and others as defendants to a putative class action, captioned IN RE EUROPEAN GOVERNMENT BONDS

ANTITRUST LITIGATION, in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. Plaintiffs allege that

defendants engaged in a conspiracy to inflate prices of European government bonds in primary market auctions and to fix the

prices of European government bonds in secondary markets. Plaintiffs assert a claim under the Sherman Act and seek treble

damages and attorneys’ fees. In March 2022, the court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss the fourth amended complaint

as to certain defendants but denied defendants’ motion to dismiss as to other defendants, including CGMI and CGML. In

October 2023, plaintiffs filed a fifth amended complaint. On December 9, 2024, the court granted final approval of plaintiffs’

settlement of the action with certain defendants, including CGMI and CGML. Additional information concerning this action

is publicly available in court filings under the docket number 19-CV-2601 (S.D.N.Y.) (Marrero, J.).

Variable Rate Demand Obligation Litigation

In 2019, plaintiffs in the consolidated actions CITY OF PHILADELPHIA v. BANK OF AMERICA CORP, ET AL. and

MAYOR AND CITY COUNCIL OF BALTIMORE v. BANK OF AMERICA CORP., ET AL. filed a consolidated complaint

naming as defendants Citigroup, Citibank, CGMI, CGML, and numerous other industry participants. The consolidated

complaint asserts violations of the Sherman Act, as well as claims for breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, and unjust

enrichment, and seeks damages and injunctive relief based on allegations that defendants served as remarketing agents for

municipal bonds called variable rate demand obligations (VRDOs) and colluded to set artificially high VRDO interest rates.

On November 6, 2020, the court granted in part and denied in part defendants’ motion to dismiss the consolidated complaint.

On June 2, 2021, the Board of Directors of the San Diego Association of Governments, acting as the San Diego County

Regional Transportation Commission, filed a parallel putative class action against the same defendants named in the already

pending nationwide consolidated class action. The two actions were consolidated and on August 6, 2021, plaintiffs in the

nationwide putative class action filed a consolidated amended complaint, captioned THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA,

MAYOR AND CITY COUNCIL OF BALTIMORE, THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE SAN DIEGO ASSOCIATION

OF GOVERNMENTS, ACTING AS THE SAN DIEGO COUNTY REGIONAL TRANSPORTATION COMMISSION v.

BANK OF AMERICA CORP., ET AL.

In September 2021, defendants moved to dismiss the consolidated amended complaint in part. In June 2022, the court granted

in part and denied in part defendants’ partial motion to dismiss the consolidated amended complaint. In October 2022,

plaintiffs filed a motion to certify a class of persons and entities who, from February 2008 to November 2015, paid interest

rates on VRDOs with respect to the antitrust claim. Plaintiffs also moved to certify a subclass of individuals who entered into

remarketing agreements with the defendants during that same period. On September 21, 2023, the court granted plaintiffs’

motion for class certification, certifying both an antitrust class and a breach-of-contract subclass. On October 5, 2023,

defendants filed a Rule 23(f) petition seeking leave to appeal the certification ruling. On November 8, 2023, the plaintiffs

voluntarily dismissed certain defendants from the case, including Citigroup, Citibank, and CGML. On February 5, 2024, the

United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit granted defendants’ Rule 23(f) petition to appeal the district court’s

order granting class certification. Additional information concerning this action is publicly available in court filings under the

docket number 19-CV-1608 (S.D.N.Y.) (Furman, J.) and 23-7328 (2d Cir.).

Since April 2018, Citigroup and certain of its affiliates, including Citibank and CGMI, have been named in state court qui tam

lawsuits in which Edelweiss Fund, LLC alleges that Citi and other financial institutions defrauded certain state and municipal

VRDO issuers in connection with resetting VRDO interest rates. Filed under each state’s respective false claims act, these

actions are pending in state courts in California, Illinois, New Jersey, and New York, and are captioned STATE OF

CALIFORNIA EX REL. EDELWEISS FUND, LLC v. JP MORGAN CHASE & CO., ET AL., STATE OF ILLINOIS EX

REL. EDELWEISS FUND, LLC v. JP MORGAN CHASE & CO., ET AL., STATE OF NEW JERSEY EX REL.

EDELWEISS FUND, LLC v. JP MORGAN CHASE & CO., ET AL., and STATE OF NEW YORK EX REL. EDELWEISS

FUND, LLC v. JP MORGAN CHASE & CO., ET AL., respectively. In the Illinois state qui tam, the parties entered into a

settlement agreement effective February 1, 2024. In the New Jersey state qui tam, on December 27, 2024, the Appellate

Division of the New Jersey Superior Court remanded the case to the trial court for the entry of summary judgment in favor of

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

defendants. Additional information concerning these actions is publicly available in court filings under the docket numbers

CGC-14-540777 (Cal. Super. Ct.) (Schulman, J.), 2017 L 000289 (Ill. Cir. Ct.) (Donnelly, J.), L-885-15 (N.J. Super. Ct.)

(Hurd, J.), and 100559/2014 (N.Y. Sup. Ct.) (Borrok, J.).

Settlement Payments

Payments required in settlement agreements described above have been made or are covered by existing litigation or other

accruals.